8 papers
Profitability of Open-Source Software Product Development
Shivendu P. Singh, Narayan Ramasubbu, Chris F. Kemerer +1
Many technology firms now build software products in the open, inviting outside developers to contribute alongside their employees on platforms like GitHub. Does this openness in p…
Merchants of Vulnerabilities: How Bug Bounty Programs Benefit Software Vendors
Esther Gal-Or, Muhammad Zia Hydari, Rahul Telang
We study how bug bounty programs (BBPs) shape software vendors' security and release choices. We develop a game-theoretic model in which a vendor chooses release timing and severit…
The Token Not Taken: Sampling, State, and the Stochasticity of AI Agents
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Raja Iqbal
Agentic AI systems can behave differently across runs: the same request may produce a different plan, a different tool call, a different code edit, or a different final answer. Suc…
Governing Technical Debt in Agentic AI Systems
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Raja Iqbal, Narayan Ramasubbu
Agentic AI systems are increasingly being explored as production infrastructure: they reason over multiple steps, call tools, act through workflows, and adapt through memory and fe…
Modeling Agentic Technical Debt and Stochastic Tax: A Standalone Framework for Measurement, Simulation, and Dashboarding
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Raja Iqbal, Narayan Ramasubbu
Agentic AI systems combine probabilistic reasoning with delegated action through tools, context, memory, orchestration, and external workflow integration. This note develops a form…
Redrawing the AI Map: A Theory of Accountability Boundaries in Agentic Ecosystems
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Farooq Muzaffar
Agentic AI orchestrators reduce the interface and assembly costs of composing information systems capabilities across organizational boundaries, seemingly accelerating modularizati…