Comparative Evaluation of MILP, MPC, and Reinforcement Learning for Commercial Battery Dispatch Under Time-of-Use Tariffs

Hafiz Majid Hussain, Wajiha Samar, Lurian Klein +1

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) paired with rooftop photovoltaics (PVs) can deliver measurable cost savings under time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs; however, the relative…