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The multi-thermal chromosphere: inversions of ALMA and IRIS data
J. M. da Silva Santos, J. de la Cruz Rodríguez, J. Leenaarts +4
Numerical simulations of the solar chromosphere predict a diverse thermal structure with both hot and cool regions. Observations of plage regions in particular feature broader and…
Ion-neutral interactions and non-equilibrium ionization in the solar chromosphere
Juan Martinez-Sykora, Jorrit Leenaarts, Bart De Pontieu +4
The thermal structure of the chromosphere is regulated through a complex interaction of various heating processes, radiative cooling, and the ionization degree of the plasma. Here…
Science Requirement Document (SRD) for the European Solar Telescope (EST) (3rd Edition, December 2025)
Rolf Schlichenmaier, Luis R. Bellot Rubio, Manuel Collados Vera +31
The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) included the European Solar Telescope (EST) as an ESFRI Project in its 2016 Roadmap and confirmed this status in 202…
Observational constraints on the origin of the elements II. 3D non-LTE formation of Ba ii lines in the solar atmosphere
A. J. Gallagher, M. Bergemann, R. Collet +5
Context. The pursuit of more realistic spectroscopic modelling and consistent abundances has led us to begin a new series of papers designed to improve current solar and stellar ab…
Three-dimensional modeling of chromospheric spectral lines in a simulated active region
Johan P. Bjørgen, Jorrit Leenaarts, Matthias Rempel +4
Because of the complex physics that governs the formation of chromospheric lines, interpretation of solar chromospheric observations is difficult. The origin and characteristics of…
Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. I. 3D NLTE formation of Mn lines in late-type stars
Maria Bergemann, Andrew J. Gallagher, Philipp Eitner +9
Manganese (Mn) is a key Fe-group elements, commonly employed in stellar population and nucleosynthesis studies to explore the role of SN Ia. We have developed a new non-local therm…