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math.CO2026

Optimal Behaviour in Extremal Bounds for -Irregularity

Jasem Hamoud, Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, we establishe the extremal bounds of the topological indices -- Sigma index -- focusing on analyzing the sharp upper bounds and the lower bounds of the Sigma index,…

math.CO2026

Extremal Bounds on the Sigma and Albertson Indices for Non-Decreasing Degree Sequences

Jasem Hamoud, Duaa Abdullah

We establish sharp extremal bounds on the Albertson and Sigma irregularity indices for trees with prescribed degree sequences, with emphasis on caterpillar trees as key extremal co…

math.CO2025

Closed-Form Analysis and Extremal Bounds of Albertson and Sigma Indices in Trees with Prescribed Degree Sequences

Jasem Hamoud, Alexey Belov Yakovlevich, Muaadh Almahalebi +1

This study explores the irregularity properties of trees with prescribed degree sequences by analyzing two prominent topological indices: the Albertson index and the sigma index. W…

math.CO2025

Topological Indices With Degree Sequence of Tree

Jasem Hamoud, Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, we refer to a asymptotic degree sequence as . The examination of topological indices on trees gives us a general overview through bo…

math.CO2025

Regularities of Typical Sigma Index on Caterpillar Trees of Pendent Vertices

Jasem Hamoud, Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, topological indices play a significant role in the analysis of caterpillar trees, especially due to their applications in chemical graph theory. We presented a study…

math.CO2025

Density Characterization with The Upper Bound of Density of Fibonacci Word

Duaa Abdullah, Jasem Hamoud

This paper investigates the natural density and structural relationships within Fibonacci words, the density of a Fibonacci word is where deno…