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LLM-Based Test Oracles: Source-of-Authority Taxonomy -- A Systematic Literature Review
Ali Hassaan Mughal, Muhammad Bilal
Large language models (LLMs) increasingly decide whether software behaves correctly, either by writing a test oracle or by acting as one. Yet two oracles can look identical and res…
Given, When, Then, Again: Mining Subscenario Refactoring Candidates in Behaviour-Driven Test Suites with ML Classifiers and LLM-Judge Baselines
Ali Hassaan Mughal, Noor Fatima, Muhammad Bilal
Context. Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD) test suites accumulate duplicated step subsequences. Three published refactoring patterns are available (within-file Background, within-…
All Green, Still Broken: Real-Flow Verification Lessons from an LLM-Integrated, Multi-Market Web Application
Muhammad Bilal, Ali Hassaan Mughal
Modern web applications increasingly combine three ingredients that are hard to test: output from large language models, multi-market internationalization, and browser-driven front…
Deja Vu at Scale: Paraphrase-Robust Detection of Duplicate Gherkin Steps in Behaviour-Driven Software Testing with Sentence-Transformer Embeddings and a 1.1M-Step Open Benchmark
Ali Hassaan Mughal, Noor Fatima, Muhammad Bilal
Context. Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD) suites in Gherkin accumulate step-text duplication with documented maintenance cost. Prior detectors either require runnable tests or ar…