most citedEmu3.5: Native Multimodal Models are World Learners

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cs.RO2025

From Spatial to Actions: Grounding Vision-Language-Action Model in Spatial Foundation Priors

Zhengshen Zhang, Hao Li, Yalun Dai +10

Existing vision-language-action (VLA) models act in 3D real-world but are typically built on 2D encoders, leaving a spatial reasoning gap that limits generalization and adaptabilit…