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The Impact of Artificial Space Objects on Optical Astronomy as Determined from 32 Million Photometric Observations
Anthony Mallama, Sergey Karpov, Richard E. Cole
Photometric observations of satellites, rockets and space debris brighter than magnitudes 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 are characterized. Those magnitudes pertain to different levels of interf…
BlueBird 6 is Fainter than Block 1 Satellites
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole
The mean apparent magnitude for BlueBird 6, the first Block 2 satellite of the BlueBird constellation, is 3.85 +/- 0.10 while that for Block 1 spacecraft is 3.30 +/- 0.07. So, Blue…
The Impact of Space Debris on Optical Astronomy
Anthony Mallama, Sergey Karpov, Richard E. Cole
Photometric observations of space debris objects brighter than magnitudes 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 are characterized. Those magnitudes pertain to different levels of interference with astr…
Secular Brightness Trends of Starlink and OneWeb Satellites
Anthony Mallama
Magnitudes recorded from 2021 through 2026 for Starlink VisorSats reveal brightening of 0.6 magnitudes, while those of OneWeb show dimming of 0.4. Both trends are significant at 3…
Brightness Characterization and Modeling for Amazon Leo Satellites
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole, Hui Zhi +4
The mean apparent magnitude of Amazon Leo satellites is 6.28 based on 1,938 observations. For spacecraft in their operational mode, 92% exceeded the brightness limit recommended by…
Satellite Constellations Exceed the Limits of Acceptable Brightness Established by the IAU
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole
Brightness statistics for satellites of the Starlink, BlueBird, Qianfan, Guowang and OneWeb constellations are reported. The means and standard deviations are compared to acceptabl…
Brightness Characteristics of the Qianfan Satellites and Evidence That Some Are Tumbling
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole, Stephan Hellmich +3
The mean apparent magnitude of the Qianfan satellites is 5.76 +/- 0.04, while the mean of magnitudes adjusted to a distance of 1,000 km is 5.24 +/- 0.04, based on 1,161 observation…
Initial Observations of the First BlueBird Spacecraft and a Model of Their Brightness
Richard E. Cole, Anthony Mallama, Scott Harrington +1
Based on a large set of visual observations, the mean apparent magnitude of BlueBird satellites is 3.44, while the mean of magnitudes adjusted to a uniform distance of 1000 km is 3…
Characterization of Starlink Direct-to-Cell Satellites In Brightness Mitigation Mode
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole, Jay Respler +1
The mean apparent magnitude of Starlink Mini Direct-To-Cell (DTC) satellites observed in brightness mitigation mode is 5.16, while the mean of magnitudes adjusted to a uniform dist…
Brightness of the Qianfan Satellites
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole, Bram Dorreman +2
Observed magnitudes of Qianfan spacecraft range from 4 when they are near zenith to 8 when low in the sky. Nearly all of the observations can be modeled with a nadir-facing flat an…
BlueWalker 3 Redux
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole, Scott Harrington +4
The BlueWalker 3 satellite is now fainter than during the first months after deployment. The greatest improvement is that the average maximum luminosity near zenith has been reduce…
Brightness Characterization for Starlink Direct-to-Cell Satellites
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole, Scott Harrington +1
The mean apparent magnitude of Starlink Mini Direct-To-Cell (DTC) satellites is 4.62 while the mean of magnitudes adjusted to a uniform distance of 1000 km is 5.50. DTCs average 4.…
Predicted Brightness of Starlink Internet Satellites at 350 km
Anthony Mallama
SpaceX recently proposed to orbit 19,440 Starlink internet satellites at a low altitude of 350 km instead of the current 550 km. The distribution in the sky and the apparent magnit…
Extreme Flaring of Starlink Satellites
Anthony Mallama, Richard E. Cole
Starlink satellites can become extremely bright when sunlight reflects specularly to an observer on the ground. The observed brightness of such flares is consistent with a bidirect…