Brightness Characterization and Modeling for Amazon Leo Satellites
arXiv:2601.07708
Abstract
The mean apparent magnitude of Amazon Leo satellites is 6.28 based on 1,938 observations. For spacecraft in their operational mode, 92% exceeded the brightness limit recommended by the IAU for interference with research, while 25% distract from aesthetic appreciation of the night sky. The reflective characteristics are similar to Version 1 Starlink spacecraft.
This manuscript was reviewed by two referees assigned by the IAU Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky