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20192026
most citedHas It All Been Solved? Open NLP Research Questions Not Solved by Large Language Models

9 citations · 30 across the 19 of their papers we have counts for

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8 papers · 1 filter

cs.LG2026

Large Language Models Develop Belief State Geometry In-Context

Daniel Balcells, Andrew Jun Lee, Chirag Rastogi +3

Large language models (LLMs) trained on next-token prediction exhibit remarkable in-context learning (ICL) abilities, yet the representations that support ICL remain poorly underst…

cs.LG2026

Tensor Product Representation Probes Reveal Shared Structure Across Linear Directions

Andrew Lee, Fernanda Viégas, Martin Wattenberg

While researchers are finding concepts represented as linear directions in language models, a bag of linear directions fails to capture relational structure. To better understand t…

cs.LG2026

Decomposing Query-Key Feature Interactions Using Contrastive Covariances

Andrew Lee, Yonatan Belinkov, Fernanda Viégas +1

Despite the central role of attention heads in Transformers, we lack tools to understand why a model attends to a particular token. To address this, we study the query-key (QK) spa…

cs.LG2025

From Isolation to Entanglement: When Do Interpretability Methods Identify and Disentangle Known Concepts?

Aaron Mueller, Andrew Lee, Shruti Joshi +3

A goal of interpretability is to recover disentangled representations of latent concepts (features) from the activations of neural networks. The quality of features is typically ev…

cs.LG2025

Better World Models Can Lead to Better Post-Training Performance

Prakhar Gupta, Henry Conklin, Sarah-Jane Leslie +1

We study how explicit world-modeling objectives affect the internal representations and downstream capability of Transformers, using Rubik's Cubes as our training domain. We ask: (…

cs.LG2025

Why Can't Transformers Learn Multiplication? Reverse-Engineering Reveals Long-Range Dependency Pitfalls

Xiaoyan Bai, Itamar Pres, Yuntian Deng +5

Language models are increasingly capable, yet still fail at a seemingly simple task of multi-digit multiplication. In this work, we study why, by reverse-engineering a model that s…