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The Physics of Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V Reames
Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are produced in two fundamental ways: at magnetic reconnection sites in solar jets and at collisionless shock waves driven by fast coronal mass eje…
Solar Particle Acceleration
Donald V. Reames
High-energy particles may be accelerated widely in stellar coronae; probably by the same processes we find in the Sun. Here, we have learned of two physical mechanisms that dominat…
Seeds and Sequences of Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particle Events
Donald V. Reames
Solar energetic particles (SEPs) in the small "impulsive" events, primarily accelerated during magnetic reconnection in solar jets, have strong enhancements of the abundances of in…
Element Abundances and the Physics of Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
Acceleration and transport of solar energetic particles (SEPs) causes their abundances, measured at constant velocity, to be enhanced or suppressed as a function of each ion's magn…
Review and Outlook of Solar-Energetic-Particle Measurements on Multispacecraft Missions
Donald V. Reames
The earliest evidence on spatial distributions of solar energetic particles (SEPs) compared events from many different source longitudes on the Sun, but the early Pioneers provided…
How Do Shock Waves Define the Space-Time Structure of Gradual Solar Energetic Particle Events?
Donald V. Reames
We revisit the full variety of observed temporal and spatial distributions of energetic solar protons in "gradual" solar energetic-particle (SEP) events resulting from the spatial…
Solar Energetic Particles: Spatial Extent and Implications of the H and He Abundances
Donald V. Reames
One of the earliest indicators of the importance of shock acceleration of solar energetic particles (SEPs) was the broad spatial extent of the "gradual" SEP events produced as the…
A Perspective on Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V Reames
The author has been fortunate to observe and participate in the rise of the field of solar energetic particles (SEPs), from the early abundance studies, to the contemporary paradig…
Energy Spectra vs. Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particles and the Roles of Magnetic Reconnection and Shock Acceleration
Donald V. Reames
We reexamine the relationship between energy spectral indices and element abundance enhancements in solar energetic particle (SEP) events at energies of a few MeV/amu. We find a co…
Fifty Years of 3He-rich Events
Donald V. Reames
The early 1970s saw a new and surprising feature in the composition of solar energetic particles (SEPs), resonant enhancements up to 10,000-fold in the ratio 3He/4He that could eve…
Sixty Years of Element Abundance Measurements in Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
Sixty years ago the first observation was published showing solar energetic particles (SEPs) with a sampling of chemical elements. Thus began study of the direct products of dynami…
Solar Energetic Particles (Second Edition)
Donald V. Reames
In a field overflowing with beautiful images of the Sun, solar energetic particle (SEP) events are a hidden asset, perhaps a secret weapon, that can sample the solar corona and car…
On the Correlation between Energy Spectra and Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
In solar energetic particle (SEP) events, the physical processes of both shock acceleration and scattering during transport can cause energy-spectral indices to be correlated with…
Distinguishing the Rigidity Dependences of Acceleration and Transport in Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
In solar energetic particle (SEP) events, the power-law dependence of element abundance enhancements on their mass-to-charge ratios A/Q provides a new tool that measures the combin…
Virtues of Including Hydrogen in the Patterns of Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
We revisit a multi-spacecraft study of the element abundances of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in the 23 January 2012 event, where the power-law pattern of enhancements versus t…
Four Distinct Pathways to the Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
Based upon recent evidence from abundance patterns of chemical elements in solar energetic particles (SEPs), and, ironically, the belated inclusion of H and He, we can distinguish…
Element Abundances of Solar Energetic Particles and the Photosphere, the Corona, and the Solar Wind
Donald V Reames
From a turbulent history, the study of abundances of elements in solar energetic particles (SEPs) has grown into an extensive field that probes the solar corona and the physical pr…
Excess H, Suppressed He, and the Abundances of Elements in Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
Recent studies of the abundances of H and He relative to those of heavier ions in solar energetic particle (SEP) events suggest new features in the underlying physics. Impulsive SE…
Hydrogen and the Abundances of Elements in Gradual Solar Energetic-Particle Events
Donald V. Reames
Despite its dominance, hydrogen has been largely ignored in studies of the abundance patterns of the chemical elements in gradual solar energetic-particle (SEP) events; those negle…
Hydrogen and the Abundances of Elements in Impulsive Solar Energetic-Particle Events
Donald V. Reames
Hydrogen has been almost completely ignored in studies of the abundance patterns of the chemical elements in solar energetic particles (SEPs). We seek to find impulsive events wher…
Helium Suppression in Impulsive Solar Energetic-Particle Events
Donald V. Reames
We have studied the element abundances and energy spectra of the small "He-poor" impulsive solar energetic-particle (SEP) events, comparing them with other impulsive SEP events wit…
Corotating Shock Waves and the Solar-Wind Source of Energetic Ion Abundances: Power Laws in A/Q
Donald V. Reames
We find that element abundances in energetic ions accelerated by shock waves formed at corotating interaction regions (CIRs) mirror the abundances of the solar wind modified by a d…
The "FIP Effect" and the Origins of Solar Energetic Particles and of the Solar Wind
Donald V. Reames
We find that the element abundances in solar energetic particles (SEPs) and in the slow solar wind (SSW), relative to those in the photosphere, show different patterns as a functio…
Abundances, Ionization States, Temperatures, and FIP in Solar Energetic Particles
Donald V. Reames
The relative abundances of chemical elements and isotopes have been our most effective tool in identifying and understanding energetic particles. The early surprise in solar energe…