First Stars II. Elemental abundances in the extremely metal-poor star CS 22949--037: A diagnostic of early massive supernovae

Abstract

CS 22949--037 is one of the most metal-poor giants known ([Fe/H]$\approx -4.0$), and it exhibits large overabundances of carbon and nitrogen (Norris et al.). Using VLT-UVES spectra of unprecedented quality, regarding resolution and S/N ratio, covering a wide wavelength range (from $\lambda =350$ to 900 nm), we have determined abundances for 21 elements in this star over a wide range of atomic mass. The major new discovery is an exceptionally large oxygen enhancement, [O/Fe] $=1.97\pm 0.1$, as measured from the [OI] line at 630.0 nm. We find an enhancement of [N/Fe] of $2.56\pm 0.2$, and a milder one of [C/Fe] $=1.17\pm$0.1, similar to those already reported in the literature. This implies $Z_{\star }=0.01Z_{\odot }$. We also find carbon isotopic ratios ${}^{12}$C/${}^{13}$C$=4\pm 2.0$ and ${}^{13}$C/${}^{14}$N$=0.03_{-0.015}^{+0.035}$, close to the equilibrium value of the CN cycle. Lithium is not detected. Na is strongly enhanced ([Na/Fe] $=+2.1\pm 0.2$), while S and K are not detected. The silicon-burning elements Cr and Mn are underabundant, while Co and Zn are overabundant ([Zn/Fe]$=+0.7$). Zn is measured for the first time in such an extremely metal-poor star. The abundances of the neutron-capture elements Sr, Y, and Ba are strongly decreasing with the atomic number of the element: [Sr/Fe] $\approx +0.3$, [Y/Fe] $\approx -0.1$, and [Ba/Fe] $\approx -0.6$. Among possible progenitors of CS 22949--037, we discuss the pair-instability supernovae. Such very massive objects indeed produce large amounts of oxygen, and have been found to be possible sources of primary nitrogen. Other scenarios are also discussed. A 30-40$M_{\odot }$ supernova, with fallback, seems the most likely progenitor for CS 22949--037.

arXiv comment12 Pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

References in corpus (17)

• The Nucleosynthetic Signature of Population III
• Galactic Chemical Evolution: Hydrogen Through Zinc
• Nucleosynthesis of Zinc and Iron-Peak Elements in Pop III Type II Supernovae : Comparison with abundances of Very Metal-Poor Halo Stars
• Pair-Instability Supernovae, Gravity Waves, and Gamma-Ray Transients
• Energy Input and Mass Redistribution by Supernovae in the Interstellar Medium
• Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay
• A consistent explanation for ${}^{12}$C/${}^{13}$C, ${}^7$Li, and ${}^3$He anomalies in red giant stars
• Extremely Metal-Poor Stars. VIII. High-Resolution, High-Signal-To-Noise Analysis of Five Stars with [Fe/H] < -3.5
• R-Process Abundances and Chronometers in Metal-Poor Stars
• Neutron Capture Elements in s-Process-Rich, Very Metal-Poor Stars
• The origin of primary nitrogen in galaxies
• The Chemical Composition of Carbon-Rich, Very Metal-Poor Stars: A New Class of Mildly Carbon-Rich Objects Without Excess of Neutron-Capture Elements
• Oxygen in the Very Early Galaxy
• Evolution and Nucleosynthesis of Zero Metal Intermediate Mass Stars
• Detection of Lead in the Carbon-Rich, Very Metal-Poor Star LP625-44: A Strong Constraint on s-Process Nucleosynthesis at Low Metallicity
• NLTE effects on oxygen lines
• Sulphur abundance in very metal-poor stars

Cited by in corpus (104)

• First stars V - Abundance patterns from C to Zn and supernova yields in the early Galaxy
• Nucleosynthesis and Evolution of Massive Metal-Free Stars
• Galactic Evolution of Sr, Y, Zr: A Multiplicity of Nucleosynthetic Processes
• The Extremely Metal-Poor, Neutron-Capture-Rich Star CS 22892-052: A Comprehensive Abundance Analysis
• Carbon Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars. I. Chemical Compositions of 26 Stars
• A Search for Stars of Very Low Metal Abundance. VI. Detailed Abundances of 313 Metal-Poor Stars
• First stars VI - Abundances of C, N, O, Li, and mixing in extremely metal-poor giants. Galactic evolution of the light elements
• First-generation black-hole-forming supernovae and the metal abundance pattern of a very iron-poor star
• The early star generations: the dominant effect of rotation on the CNO yields
• The Binary Frequency Among Carbon-Enhanced, s-Process Rich, Metal-Poor Stars
• Variations in the Abundance Pattern of Extremely Metal-poor Stars and Nucleosynthesis in Population III Supernovae
• The Universe Was Reionized Twice
• Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen evolution in galaxies
• Bipolar Supernova Explosions: Nucleosynthesis & Implication on Abundances in Extremely Metal-Poor Stars
• Very low metallicity massive star models: Pre-SN evolution and primary nitrogen production
• The s-Process in Low Metallicity Stars. II. Interpretation of High-Resolution Spectroscopic Observations with AGB models
• First stars XII. Abundances in extremely metal-poor turnoff stars,and comparison with the giants
• Evolution of massive population III stars with rotation and magnetic fields
• The Most Metal-Poor Stars. IV. The Two Populations With [Fe/H] < -3.0
• HE0107-5240, A Chemically Ancient Star.I. A Detailed Abundance Analysis
• HE1327-2326, an unevolved star with [Fe/H]<-5.0. I. A Comprehensive Abundance Analysis
• Is HE0107-5240 A Primordial Star? -- The Characteristics of Extremely Metal-Poor Carbon-Rich Stars --
• Normal and Outlying Populations of the Milky Way Stellar Halo at [Fe/H] < -2
• The s process in massive stars at low metallicity. Effect of primary N14 from fast rotating stars
• Spectroscopic Studies of Very Metal-Poor Stars with the Subaru High Dispersion Spectrograph. III. Light Neutron-Capture Elements
• TOPoS: II. On the bimodality of carbon abundance in CEMP stars. Implications on the early chemical evolution of galaxies
• Binarity in Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor stars
• The Ubiquity of the Rapid Neutron-Capture Process
• First stars IX -Mixing in extremely metal-poor giants. Variation of the 12C/13C, [Na/Mg] and [Al/Mg] ratios
• Abundance Profiling of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars and Supernova Properties in the Early Universe
• Probing the Neutron-Capture Nucleosynthesis History of Galactic Matter
• NLTE determination of the sodium abundance in a homogeneous sample of extremely metal-poor stars
• The Origin of Carbon-Enhancement and Initial Mass Function of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars in the Galactic Halo
• Nucleosynthesis, Reionization, and the Mass Function of the First Stars
• Elemental Abundances and their Implications for the Chemical Enrichment of the Boötes~I Ultra-Faint Galaxy
• The Connection between Gamma-Ray Bursts and Extremely Metal-Poor Stars: Black Hole-forming Supernovae with Relativistic Jets
• The Stellar Abundances for Galactic Archaeology (SAGA) Database II - Implications for Mixing and Nucleosynthesis in Extremely Metal-Poor Stars and Chemical Enrichment of the Galaxy
• Metallicity of the intergalactic medium using pixel statistics: III. Silicon
• First stars X. The nature of three unevolved Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor stars
• First stars IV.CS 29497-030: Evidence for operation of the s-process at very low metallicity
• Analysis of the carbon-rich very metal-poor dwarf G77-61
• The role of binaries in the enrichment of the early Galactic halo. II. Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars - CEMP-no stars
• Evolution of the Barium abundance in the early Galaxy from a NLTE analysis of the Ba lines in a homogeneous sample of EMP stars
• New analysis of the two carbon-rich stars CS 22948-27 and CS 29497-34 : binarity and neutron-capture elements
• On the origin of HE0107-5240, the most iron deficient star presently known
• Abundances of Sr, Y, and Zr in Metal-Poor Stars and Implications for Chemical Evolution in the Early Galaxy
• An Extremely Carbon-rich, Extremely Metal-poor Star in the Segue 1 System
• A Search for Nitrogen-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars
• Elemental abundances and classification of CEMP stars
• Neutron-Capture Nucleosynthesis in the First Stars
• Principal Component Analysis on Chemical Abundances Spaces
• Neutral oxygen spectral line formation revisited with new collisional data: large departures from LTE at low metallicity
• The first carbon-enhanced metal-poor star found in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal
• From First Stars to the Spite Plateau: a Possible Reconciliation of Halo Stars Observations with Predictions from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
• The Origins of Two Classes of Carbon-Enhanced, Metal-Poor Stars
• Chemical Abundance Analysis of the Extremely Metal-Poor Star HE 1300+0157
• Chemical abundances and kinematics of barium stars
• TOPoS: IV. Chemical abundances from high-resolution observations of seven EMP stars
• Lithium abundances in CEMP stars
• Cosmic Star Formation, Reionization, and Constraints on Global Chemical Evolution
• Estimation of Carbon Abundances in Metal-Poor Stars. I. Application to the "Strong G-band" stars of Beers, Preston, & Shectman
• Oxygen Overabundance in the Extremely Iron-Poor Star CS29498-043
• A New Type of Extremely Metal Poor Star
• Low and intermediate mass star yields: The evolution of carbon abundances
• Pristine IX: CFHT ESPaDOnS Spectroscopic Analysis of 115 Bright Metal-Poor Candidate Stars
• Spectroscopic Studies of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars with the Subaru High Dispersion Spectrograph. IV. The alpha-Element-Enhanced Metal-Poor Star BS16934-002
• Hierarchical Growth and Cosmic Star Formation: Enrichment, Outflows and Supernova Rates
• Hypernovae and Other Black-Hole-Forming Supernovae
• Chemical Abundance Signature of J0023+0307 -- A Second-Generation Main-Sequence Star with [Fe/H]<-6
• First stars XIII. Two extremely metal-poor RR Lyrae stars?
• Models for extremely metal-poor halo stars
• Excavation of the first stars
• Ultra metal-poor stars: Spectroscopic determination of stellar atmospheric parameters using iron Non-LTE line abundances
• The occurrence of nitrogen-enhanced metal-poor stars: implications for the initial mass function in the early Galactic halo
• Abundance patterns of the light neutron-capture elements in very and extremely metal-poor stars
• Could the Ultra Metal-poor Stars be Chemically Peculiar and Not Related to the First Stars?
• uvby(-$\beta$) photometry of high-velocity and metal-poor stars X. Stars of very low metal abundance: observations, reddenings, metallicities, classifications, distances, and relative ages
• A CEMP-no star in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Pisces II
• Detection of Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Zinc in the Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Star BD+44 493
• TOPoS: III. An ultra iron-poor multiple CEMP system
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars. I. A SOAR/OSIRIS Pilot Study
• Low and intermediate mass star yields.II: The evolution of nitrogen abundances
• The low Sr/Ba ratio on some extremely metal-poor stars
• Oxygen and Magnesium Abundance in the Ultra-Metal-Poor Giants CS22949-037 and CS29498-043: Challenges in Models of Atmospheres
• CD-62\degree1346: an extreme halo or hypervelocity CH~star?
• How did the metals in a giant star originate?
• Relics of subluminous supernovae in metal-poor stars
• LAMOST J2217+2104: a new member of carbon-enhanced extremely metal-poor stars with excesses of Mg and Si
• Oxygen and light element synthesis by neutron-capture reactions in metal-free and extremely metal-poor AGB stars
• Stellar evolution of massive stars at very low metallicities
• Investigation of a sample of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars observed with FORS and GMOS
• Galactic structure in the outer disk: the field in the line of sight to the intermediate-age open cluster Tombaugh 1
• Chemical analysis of very metal-poor turn-off stars from SDSS-DR12
• Cosmic Chemical Evolution with an Early Population of Intermediate Mass Stars
• High resolution study of the abundance pattern of the heavy elements in very metal-poor field stars
• The formation of the Milky Way halo and its dwarf satellites: a NLTE-1D abundance analysis. IV. Segue 1, Triangulum II, and Coma Berenices UFDs
• Properties of the open cluster Tombaugh 1 from high resolution spectroscopy and uvbyCaH$\beta$ photometry
• High-resolution spectroscopic observations of the new CEMP-s star CD-50${}^{\circ }$776
• Quark-Novae, cosmic reionization, and early r-process element production
• The s-process enriched star HD 55496: origin from a globular cluster or from the tidal disruption of a dwarf galaxy?
• Dust during the Reionization
• High-resolution spectroscopic analysis of four new chemically peculiar stars
• The ESO Large Programme First Stars
• The evolved pulsating CEMP star HD112869