Drying kinematics selects open honeycomb fold networks on solvent-extracted viscoelastic thin films and gels

Abstract

Solvent extraction and drying of substrate-supported viscoelastic films and gels produce quasiperiodic networks of three-armed surface folds. In this Letter, we examine the physical mechanisms governing their formation, length scales, and geometric organization. We observed that swelling-induced compression in the pinned film drives localized folding of a stiffening, diffusively thickening surface skin over a drained underlayer. Combining experiments and theory, we reveal that both the pattern wavelength and fold-arm length scale with the dried-film thickness following a power-law with an exponent 5/8, with remarkably weak dependence on elastic modulus. The folds form 120-degree junctions on a triangular lattice, defining an open honeycomb network whose pitch satisfies p = sqrt(3)(aL + g), where g is the junction gap. Notably, the folds accommodate less than 0.1% of the stored compressive strain, implicating elastocapillary arrest, rather than strain relaxation, in limiting their amplitude. These findings establish distinct geometric, kinetic, and interfacial constraints governing pattern selection in drying soft solids.

arXiv commentMain text: 5 pages, 4 figures; Supplemental Material: 13 pages, 10 figures