A 25-$\mu$s/inf Event-driven Graph Neural Network Processor with Spatiotemporal Caching and Spline Convolution for Ultra-low-latency AI at the Edge

Abstract

Dynamic-vision-sensor (DVS) cameras generate events on a per-pixel basis with a $\mu$s-level temporal resolution, calling for new algorithm-hardware co-design approaches compared to standard frame-based vision. While event-driven graph neural networks (EV-GNNs) emerge as a promising algorithmic solution, they raise new HW challenges by mixing dense-regular compute operations and sparse-irregular memory accesses. We present ETHEREAL, the first EV-GNN accelerator that scales to 640$\times$480 resolutions, thanks to a neighbor-parallel spline convolution engine and a 2D/3D-split memory hierarchy with a novel region-of-interest spatiotemporal caching mechanism. Measurement results demonstrate end-to-end inference with 25.6$\mu$s latency and 1.7$\mu$J energy per event on state-of-the-art workloads

This paper was accepted for presentation at the IEEE ESSERC 2026 conference