Night-sky emission correction techniques for high-resolution spectroscopy: Demonstration with NIRPS

Abstract

Ground-based spectrographs operating in the near-infrared (NIR) regime are hampered by various absorption and emission features of Earth's atmosphere. While considerable attention has been paid to mitigating telluric absorption, correcting telluric emission features remains non-trivial and can significantly affect the observation of faint targets. We aim to develop and implement automated algorithms for sky background emission correction in the context of high-resolution spectroscopy. These empirical-based algorithms have been officially integrated into both NIRPS data reduction pipelines: NIRPS DRS and APERO DRS. Designed for flexibility, these techniques can be incorporated into the reduction workflow of any high-resolution spectrograph to improve the radial velocity (RV) performance. In our approach, a reference sky spectrum is first created by deep-stacking NIRPS sky calibration frames on a common wavelength grid and calculating the weighted median flux per pixel, separately for both the high-accuracy and high-efficiency instrument modes. This process is repeated for all spectral orders and for both the object and sky-calibration fibres: fibre A and fibre B, respectively. In this reference sky spectrum, the sky emission lines can be identified and used to construct a static library. During the data reduction process, the emission features in the library are individually scaled in terms of flux using two distinct techniques, each specific to the two DRS pipelines. Finally, they are locally subtracted from the science observations to minimise their noise contribution to the final spectrum. We find that the correction algorithms significantly improve the RV measurements obtained using both the cross-correlation function and line-by-line techniques, enabling NIRPS to achieve submetre-per-second precision in the NIR. The techniques have been successfully validated and demonstrated.

10 pages + 3 pages of Appendix, 10 figures, line-list table available on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21894247, abstract shortened to fit character limit