Extremes on Rewind: Generating 1,000-Member Ensembles Initialized at a Final Condition

Abstract

Scenario planning for rare, high-impact events often requires massive ensembles to stochastically sample relevant trajectories. Although autoregressive weather emulators can efficiently generate such ensembles, isolating trajectories of interest requires sifting through petabytes of data, a challenge that grows exponentially with lead time and rarity. In contrast, a non-autoregressive foundation model like Climate in a Bottle video (cBottle-video) can directly sample trajectories terminating in extremes, avoiding large-ensemble search. We use cBottle-video to generate 1000-member ensembles with start- and/or end-conditioning across three extreme events---the 2021 Pacific Northwest (PNW) heatwave, Superstorm Sandy, and Hurricane Ian. Antecedent 500 hPa geopotential height ($z_{500}$) spread at the free end of end-conditioned ensembles reaches 84--89\% of the final-state spread of start-conditioned ensembles, revealing substantial diversity consistent with each extreme event. For the 2021 PNW heatwave, end-conditioned ensemble members begin uniformly warmer than reanalysis and stay warm, replacing the observed rapid intensification with persistent antecedent heat. For Superstorm Sandy, the leading modes of $z_{500}$ at the antecedent end of the end-conditioned ensemble explain 44\% of the variance in track latitude, and roughly 10\% of ensemble members begin as stronger hurricanes than Sandy. For Hurricane Ian, variation in the first landfall location among end-conditioned trajectories underscores the importance of accounting for intermediate hazard exposure in risk planning.

38 pages, 21 figures; includes 17 pages of Supporting Information with 15 figures