A Benchmark Dataset for MLLM-Generated Image Detection: GPT Image2 & Nano Banana2

Abstract

The realism of images generated by multimodal large language models (MLLMs), such as GPT Image2 and Nano Banana2, has improved rapidly in recent years. Compared with early generative models, current models have made clear progress in text rendering. They can produce high-quality images that closely resemble real-world application scenarios. The enhanced generation capabilities of current MLLMs pose increasingly severe challenges to AI-generated image detection. Detection is no longer limited to identifying obvious artifacts left by early generators. Instead, it requires systematic and realistic benchmarks for the new generation of generated content. However, most existing benchmarks are still built around early generative models and cannot fully evaluate the forensic challenges introduced by high-quality and multi-form generated images. To address this gap, this paper constructs a benchmark dataset for detecting images generated by MLLMs. The benchmark covers several realistic application scenarios and adopts three generation protocols to simulate direct generation, reference-based reconstruction, and local editing. Based on this benchmark, we evaluate detector degradation from traditional scenarios to MLLM-generated images and analyze false positive rates and false negative rates across three sample types, revealing the failure modes of existing methods. We further propose a structural-artifact-prior-guided dual-stream prompt framework (SAP-DSP) as a strong baseline. SAP-DSP uses dual-stream prompt learning and structure-aware routing fusion to improve representation learning. Extensive experiments show that the proposed benchmark exposes the performance degradation of existing detectors on high-quality generated images, while SAP-DSP achieves more stable detection results on this benchmark. Our code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/xbrainnet/SAP-DSP.