Pearl supratransmission in a boundary-driven two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a hole

Abstract

We investigate energy supratransmission in a boundary-driven two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a central hole. Harmonic forcing with azimuthal modulation generates standing-wave states whose existence and stability depend on the driving amplitude, the inner radius, and the imposed azimuthal charge. Bifurcation analysis shows that small inner radii produce strongly confined states with higher destabilization thresholds, whereas larger radii yield broader profiles and smoother transitions between stable and unstable branches. The cubic--quintic and saturable models exhibit similar qualitative behaviour but differ quantitatively in their critical amplitudes and parameter dependence. A variational approximation captures the dependence of the critical drive on the azimuthal charge and nonlinear parameters, and clarifies how the nonlinear response shapes the stationary states near the turning point. Time-dependent simulations show that supratransmission occurs through the emission of localized pulses, with nonzero azimuthal charge triggering symmetry breaking and producing two-dimensional localized excitations (pearls). Isosurface plots provide a complementary view of the resulting radial and angular excursions. These results establish a quantitative framework for supratransmission in two-dimensional geometries and are relevant to driven nonlinear systems in optics, Bose--Einstein condensates, and structured media.

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