Asymptotic Freedom and Vacuum Polarization Determine the Astrophysical End State of Relativistic Gravitational Collapse: Quark--Gluon Plasma Star Instead of Black Hole

Abstract

A general relativistic model of an astrophysical hypermassive extremely magnetized ultra-compact self-bound quark--gluon plasma object that is supported against its ultimate gravitational implosion by the simultaneous action of the vacuum polarization driven by nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED: light-by-light scattering) and the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) asymptotic freedom, is presented. These QCD stars can be the final figures of the equilibrium of collapsing stellar cores. Post-supernova fallback material pushes the nascent remnant beyond its stability to collapse into a hybrid hypermassive neutron star (HHMNS). Hypercritical accretion can unbind the whole HHMNS's baryons to spontaneously break away color confinement, powering a first-order hadron-to-quark phase transition to a sea of ever-freer quarks and gluons. This core is hydro-stabilized by the steady, endlessly compression-admitting asymptotic freedom state, possibly via gluon-mediated enduring exchange of color charge among bound states. The nonlinear TOV equation indicates the occurrence of hypermassive QGP/QCD stars with a wide mass spectrum ($0\lesssim$ M${}_{\mathrm{Star}}^{\mathrm{QGP}}\lesssim$\,7\,M${}_{\odot }$ and beyond), for star radii ($0\lesssim R_{\mathrm{Star}}^{\mathrm{QGP}}\lesssim 24$\,km and beyond) with B-fields ($10^{14}\le$ B${}_{\mathrm{Star}}^{\mathrm{QGP}}\le 10^{16}$\,G and beyond). Such QCD stars can emulate what the true black holes are supposed to gravitationally do in most astrophysical settings. This color quark star could be found through a search for its eternal ``yo-yo'' state gravitational-wave emission, or via lensing phenomena like gravitational rainbows, as in this scenario it is expected that the light deflection angle, directly influenced by the larger effective mass/radius and magnetic field of the deflecting object, increases as the incidence angle decreases for impact parameter lower values.

25 pages, 4 figues

References in corpus (31)

• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter
• Equation of State of a Dense and Magnetized Fermion System
• Modelling magnetically deformed neutron stars
• The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
• Strongly interacting matter exhibits deconfined behavior in massive neutron stars
• Black hole formation and fallback during the supernova explosion of a $40{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ star
• Magnetized strange quark matter and magnetized strange quark stars
• Neutron star equilibrium configurations within a fully relativistic theory with strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational interactions
• (In-)Significance of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Charged Fermions for the Equation of State of a Magnetized and Dense Medium
• Inflation from R^2 gravity: a new approach using nonlinear electrodynamics
• Search for continuous gravitational wave emission from the Milky Way center in O3 LIGO--Virgo data
• Direct detection of dark photon dark matter using radio telescopes
• Anisotropic Pressures in Very Dense Magnetized Matter
• Awaking the vacuum in relativistic stars
• Positronium collapse and the maximum magnetic field in pure QED
• Determination of spin-parity quantum numbers of X(2370) as $0^{-+}$ from $J/\psi \to \gamma K_S^0{K}_S^0{\eta }^{\prime }$
• Primordial magnetic fields and gravitational baryogenesis in nonlinear electrodynamics
• Gravity-induced vacuum dominance
• Photon acceleration in vacuum
• Limiting magnetic field for minimal deformation of a magnetised neutron star
• Observation of Directed Flow of Hypernuclei ${}_{\Lambda }^3$H and ${}_{\Lambda }^4$H in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Probing nonlinear electrodynamics in slowly rotating spacetimes through neutrino astrophysics
• The permanent ellipticity of the neutron star in PSR J1023+0038
• Constraints on the antistar fraction in the Solar system neighborhood from the 10-years Fermi Large Area Telescope gamma-ray source catalog
• Massive Hybrid Quark Stars with Strong Magnetic Field
• Quasi-universality of the magnetic deformation of neutron stars in general relativity and beyond
• Recent progresses in strange quark stars
• Cold and dense perturbative QCD in a very strong magnetic background
• Tidal Deformation and Radial Pulsations of Neutron Star with Holographic Multiquark Core
• Revisiting geodesic observers in cosmology