Asymptotic Freedom and Vacuum Polarization Determine the Astrophysical End State of Relativistic Gravitational Collapse: Quark--Gluon Plasma Star Instead of Black Hole

Abstract

A general relativistic model of an astrophysical hypermassive extremely magnetized ultra-compact self-bound quark--gluon plasma object that is supported against its ultimate gravitational implosion by the simultaneous action of the vacuum polarization driven by nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED: light-by-light scattering) and the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) asymptotic freedom, is presented. These QCD stars can be the final figures of the equilibrium of collapsing stellar cores. Post-supernova fallback material pushes the nascent remnant beyond its stability to collapse into a hybrid hypermassive neutron star (HHMNS). Hypercritical accretion can unbind the whole HHMNS's baryons to spontaneously break away color confinement, powering a first-order hadron-to-quark phase transition to a sea of ever-freer quarks and gluons. This core is hydro-stabilized by the steady, endlessly compression-admitting asymptotic freedom state, possibly via gluon-mediated enduring exchange of color charge among bound states. The nonlinear TOV equation indicates the occurrence of hypermassive QGP/QCD stars with a wide mass spectrum ($0\lesssim$ M${}_{\mathrm{Star}}^{\mathrm{QGP}}\lesssim$\,7\,M${}_{\odot }$ and beyond), for star radii ($0\lesssim R_{\mathrm{Star}}^{\mathrm{QGP}}\lesssim 24$\,km and beyond) with B-fields ($10^{14}\le$ B${}_{\mathrm{Star}}^{\mathrm{QGP}}\le 10^{16}$\,G and beyond). Such QCD stars can emulate what the true black holes are supposed to gravitationally do in most astrophysical settings. This color quark star could be found through a search for its eternal ``yo-yo'' state gravitational-wave emission, or via lensing phenomena like gravitational rainbows, as in this scenario it is expected that the light deflection angle, directly influenced by the larger effective mass/radius and magnetic field of the deflecting object, increases as the incidence angle decreases for impact parameter lower values.

arXiv comment25 pages, 4 figues

References in corpus (77)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State
• PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter
• Is the gravitational-wave ringdown a probe of the event horizon?
• Evidence for quark-matter cores in massive neutron stars
• Can the Chaplygin gas be a plausible model for dark energy?
• Identifying a first-order phase transition in neutron star mergers through gravitational waves
• Signatures of quark-hadron phase transitions in general-relativistic neutron-star mergers
• The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star
• Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
• The Equation of State of Neutron-Star Matter in Strong Magnetic Fields
• Equation of State of a Dense and Magnetized Fermion System
• Geometrical aspects of light propagation in nonlinear electrodynamics
• Gravitational Condensate Stars: An Alternative to Black Holes
• Modelling magnetically deformed neutron stars
• Quark phases in neutron stars and a "third family" of compact stars as a signature for phase transitions
• Recent developments in gravitational collapse and spacetime singularities
• No observational proof of the black-hole event-horizon
• Black Hole Thermodynamics
• Non-linear electrodynamics and the acceleration of the universe
• Unveiling the strong interaction among hadrons at the LHC
• Light-by-Light Scattering Constraint on Born-Infeld Theory
• The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
• How to tell an accreting boson star from a black hole
• Magnetic and electric properties of quantum vacuum
• Observation of light-by-light scattering in ultraperipheral Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector
• Equilibrium configurations from gravitational collapse
• Strongly interacting matter exhibits deconfined behavior in massive neutron stars
• The electromagnetic counterparts of compact binary mergers
• Quantum Magnetic Collapse
• Measurement of the mass difference and the binding energy of the hypertriton and antihypertriton
• Black hole formation and fallback during the supernova explosion of a $40{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ star
• Magnetic collapse of a neutron gas: Can magnetars indeed be formed
• Magnetized strange quark matter and magnetized strange quark stars
• Echoes from Quantum Black Holes
• Neutron star equilibrium configurations within a fully relativistic theory with strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational interactions
• Comparison of $pp$ and $p\bar{p}$ differential elastic cross sections and observation of the exchange of a colorless $C$-odd gluonic compound
• (In-)Significance of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Charged Fermions for the Equation of State of a Magnetized and Dense Medium
• Stellar equilibrium in semiclassical gravity
• Inflation from R^2 gravity: a new approach using nonlinear electrodynamics
• Elastic differential cross-section $\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}t$ at $\sqrt{s}=$2.76 TeV and implications on the existence of a colourless 3-gluon bound state
• Search for continuous gravitational wave emission from the Milky Way center in O3 LIGO--Virgo data
• Echoes from the Abyss: A highly spinning black hole remnant for the binary neutron star merger GW170817
• Nonlinear electrodynamics and the gravitational redshift of highly magnetised neutron stars
• Removing black-hole singularities with nonlinear electrodynamics
• Nonlinear electrodynamics and the surface redshift of pulsars
• Anisotropic Pressures in Very Dense Magnetized Matter
• Direct detection of dark photon dark matter using radio telescopes
• Awaking the vacuum in relativistic stars
• Catastrophic rearrangement of a compact star due to the quark core formation
• General-relativistic force-free pulsar magnetospheres
• Positronium collapse and the maximum magnetic field in pure QED
• Determination of spin-parity quantum numbers of X(2370) as $0^{-+}$ from $J/\psi \to \gamma K_S^0{K}_S^0{\eta }^{\prime }$
• Evidence of Odderon-exchange from scaling properties of elastic scattering at TeV energies
• Primordial magnetic fields and gravitational baryogenesis in nonlinear electrodynamics
• Gravity-induced vacuum dominance
• How loud are echoes from exotic compact objects?
• Color Ferromagnetism of Quark Matter ; a Possible Origin of Strong Magnetic Field in Magnetars
• Limiting magnetic field for minimal deformation of a magnetised neutron star
• Photon acceleration in vacuum
• Observation of Directed Flow of Hypernuclei ${}_{\Lambda }^3$H and ${}_{\Lambda }^4$H in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Quark stars and quantum-magnetically induced collapse
• Probing nonlinear electrodynamics in slowly rotating spacetimes through neutrino astrophysics
• The permanent ellipticity of the neutron star in PSR J1023+0038
• Quantum Nature of Black Holes: Fast Scrambling versus Echoes
• Multipolar electromagnetic fields around neutron stars: general-relativistic vacuum solutions
• Constraints on the antistar fraction in the Solar system neighborhood from the 10-years Fermi Large Area Telescope gamma-ray source catalog
• Einstein's gravitational lensing and nonlinear electrodynamics
• Massive Hybrid Quark Stars with Strong Magnetic Field
• Quasi-universality of the magnetic deformation of neutron stars in general relativity and beyond
• Recent progresses in strange quark stars
• Observables of spheroidal magnetized Strange Stars
• Cold and dense perturbative QCD in a very strong magnetic background
• Tidal Deformation and Radial Pulsations of Neutron Star with Holographic Multiquark Core
• Revisiting geodesic observers in cosmology
• How to distinguish an actual astrophysical magnetized black hole mimicker from a true (theoretical) black hole