Direct Detection of Type II-P Supernova Progenitors with the $\text{Euclid}$ and CSST Surveys

Abstract

Identifying and characterizing supernova (SN) progenitor stars remains a central yet difficult goal in SN research, limited by archival images lacking sufficient depth or spatial resolution and circumstellar dust biasing intrinsic parameter estimates. This field will be revolutionized by $\text{Euclid}$ and the upcoming Chinese Space-station Survey Telescope (CSST), which conduct deep, wide-field, high-resolution and multi-band imaging surveys. We evaluate their detection capability by comparing model magnitudes of RSG progenitors with detection limits, finding their optical and near-infrared filters highly effective. Monte-Carlo simulations predict that completed $\text{Euclid}$ and CSST surveys will enable $\lesssim$13 (or 24) progenitor detections per year within the mass range of 8--16 (or 8--25)\,$M_{\odot }$, an order of magnitude higher than the current detection rate of $\sim$1 per year (primarily based on HST). With the circumstellar dust, the emerging spectral energy distribution (SED) of the SN progenitor is mainly affected by the optical depth and is almost independent of dust temperature in their survey filters. Mock tests demonstrate that the progenitor mass and dust optical depth can be derived simultaneously by fitting the observed SED over 11 survey filters while fixing dust temperature to a typical value. $\text{Euclid}$ and CSST will significantly enlarge the sample of direct progenitor detections with accurate mass measurements, crucial for resolving the long-standing RSG problem.

12 pages, 8 figures, accepted by SCPMA

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