Pre-perihelion evolution of the NiI/FeI abundance ratio in the coma of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. From extreme to normal

Abstract

Emission lines of FeI and NiI are commonly found in the coma of Solar System comets, even at large heliocentric distances. These atoms are most likely released from the surface of the comet's nucleus or from a short-lived parent. These lines were also found in the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov, which has a NiI/FeI abundance ratio similar to that observed in Solar System comets. Here, we report observations of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, which were carried out with the ESO Very Large Telescope equipped with the UVES and X-shooter spectrographs. Spectra were obtained at heliocentric distances ranging from 3.14 to 1.85 au. NiI was detected at all epochs. FeI was only detected at heliocentric distances smaller than 2.64 au. We estimated the NiI and FeI production rates by comparing the observed line intensities with those produced by a dedicated fluorescence model. Comet 3I first exhibited extreme and unusual NiI/FeI abundance ratios during the initial stages of its activity. However, as its heliocentric distance decreased, this ratio became indistinguishable from those observed in Solar System comets and in comet 2I/Borisov. Comet 3I was found to be C${}_2$-depleted, with a NiI/FeI abundance ratio finally consistent with other C${}_2$-depleted comets. Nevertheless, comet 3I remains exceptional due to its high, total production rate of NiI and FeI, which is at least one order of magnitude larger than that of other comets. We interpreted these observations assuming that the NiI and FeI atoms were released through the sublimation of Ni(CO)${}_4$ and Fe(CO)${}_5$ carbonyls. This scenario provides a straightforward explanation for the asymmetric release of NiI and FeI atoms in the cometary coma and how it depends on the heliocentric distance. It also supports the presence of carbonyls in the cometary material.

Accepted for publication in A&A. A new dataset was added and discussed. Some measurements were refined and the paper was reorganized

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Cited by in corpus (5)

• Perihelion Asymmetry in the Water Production Rate of the Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS
• The Volatile Inventory of 3I/ATLAS as seen with JWST/MIRI
• Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS Observed from Mars by China's Tianwen-1 Spacecraft
• Pre-perihelion Volatile Evolution of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS Indicating Significant Contribution from Extended Source in the Coma
• Ion abundances in the plasma tail of 3I/ATLAS show that it is N2-rich