On the spectrum and energy of digraphs with self-loops

Abstract

A digraph with self-loops $D_S$ with vertex set $\mathcal{V}$ is a simple digraph with a self-loop attached at every vertex in $S\subset \mathcal{V}.$ In this paper, we study the energy $E(D_S)$ of $D_S$ and its properties, which extend several classical results on simple directed graphs. If $D_1,...,D_k$ are the strong components of $D_S,$ we establish a necessary and sufficient conditions for $E(D_S)\le {\sum }_{i=1}^{k}E(D_i),$ for which the strict inequality exists for $S\ne \varnothing .$ We also provide several bounds and characterizations for the energy and spectral radius of $D_S,$ including the McClelland type bound. Lastly, we propose a notion of the complement of $D_S$ and establish some formulae describing the relationship between the energy and spectrum of regular digraphs with their complement.

26 pages, 1 figure. Revised reference list. Fixed some typos. Added citation to Def 5.1 & 5.2