Probing autoionization decay lifetimes of the $4{\mathbf{d}}^{-1}6\mathbf{\ell }$ core-excited states in xenon using attosecond noncollinear four-wave-mixing spectroscopy

Abstract

The decay of core-excited states is a sensitive probe of autoionization dynamics and correlation effects in many-electron systems, occurring on the fastest timescales. Xenon, with its dense manifold of autoionizing resonances that can be coupled with near-infrared light, provides a platform to investigate these processes. In this work, the autoionization decay lifetimes of $4d^{-1}6\ell$ $(\ell =s,p,d,...)$ core-excited states in xenon atoms are probed with extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond noncollinear four-wave-mixing (FWM) spectroscopy. The $4d_{\{5/2,3/2\}}^{-1}6p$ XUV-bright states (optically dipole allowed) exhibit decay lifetimes of $\sim$6 fs, which is consistent with spectator-type decay. In contrast, the $4d_{\{5/2,3/2\}}^{-1}6s$ and $4d_{\{5/2,3/2\}}^{-1}6d$ XUV-dark states (optically dipole forbidden) show longer decay lifetimes of $\sim$20 fs. Photoionization calculations confirm that all core-hole states with $4d$ character should decay via spectator channels in $\le$ 6 fs, suggesting that the apparent longer dark state decay times arise from an alternative mechanism. A few-level simulation of the FWM process shows that the inclusion of a nearby, longer-lived dark state can mimic the experimental FWM signal, suggesting population cycling with a second electronic state with non-$4d$ character. Ab-initio calculations support the presence of such multi-electron excited states in the 60$-$70 eV range. These results demonstrate that FWM signals can encode coupled-state dynamics when probing complex systems, highlighting the importance of combining theoretical and experimental approaches to disentangle accurate core-level decay pathways and lifetimes.

14 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables. N. G. P. and P. R. contributed equally to this work