Cold Jupiters and small planets: Friends, foes, or indifferent? A search for correlations with the largest exoplanet samples

Abstract

Determining whether there is any correlation between the presence of short-period small planets (SPs) with $P\lesssim 100d$ ($a\lesssim 0.4AU$) and $1<M_p<20M_{\oplus }$ and that of outer cold Jupiters (CJs) with $a=1-10AU$ and $M_p=0.5-20M_{Jup}$ around solar-type stars may provide crucial constraints on models of formation and/or migration of SPs. However, discrepant results regarding the occurrence rates of CJs in SP systems have been reported in the literature, with some recent studies suggesting a strong SP-CJ correlation but only at super-solar metallicities and/or masses of the host stars. Here, we homogeneously recomputed the occurrence rates of CJs at average, sub-solar ($[Fe/H]<-0.1$), solar ($-0.1\le [Fe/H]\le 0.1$), and super-solar ($[Fe/H]>0.1$) metallicity as well as at average and subintervals of stellar mass, namely 0.6-0.8, 0.8-1.0, and 1.0-1.2 $M_{\odot }$, using (i) a carefully-selected sample of 217 SP systems, and (ii) a large comparison sample of 1167 solar-type stars. We determine the integrated occurrence rate of CJs in SP systems to be $f_{CJ|SP}=11.1_{-1.8}^{+2.5}\%$; this is consistent with the estimated frequencies of CJs in both the comparison sample ($f_{CJ}=9.8_{-0.8}^{+0.9}\%$) and the HARPS-N survey of transiting SP systems. We find a possible correlation ($f_{CJ|SP}>f_{CJ}$) only at super-solar mass and metallicity, though with statistical confidence of less than $3\sigma$. To test some theoretical predictions, we also searched for possible SP-CJ relations as a function of SP and CJ multiplicity, as well as SP composition, and we found none. We show that the architectures of SP systems are not indifferent to the presence of CJs, because the multiplicity of SPs strongly depends on the CJ eccentricity, as expected from planetary dynamics. A more comprehensive understanding of the relation between SPs and CJs requires larger samples of SP systems.[Abridged]

6 pages with 3 figures; 5 tables and 7 figures in the Appendix; additional tables on Zenodo (http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15855983); Astronomy and Astrophysics, in press

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• Discovery of a multi-planetary system orbiting the aged Sun-like star HD 224018
• Sub-Neptunes Show a Stronger Correlation with Cold Jupiters than Super-Earths Especially in Metal-rich Systems