Theory of Nonequilibrium Multicomponent Coexistence

Abstract

Multicomponent phase separation is a routine occurrence in both living and synthetic systems. Thermodynamics provides a straightforward path to determine the phase boundaries that characterize these transitions for systems at equilibrium. The prevalence of phase separation in complex systems outside the confines of equilibrium motivates the need for a genuinely nonequilibrium theory of multicomponent phase coexistence. Here, we develop a mechanical theory for coexistence that casts coexistence criteria into the familiar form of equality of state functions. Our theory generalizes traditional equilibrium notions such as the species chemical potential and thermodynamic pressure to systems out of equilibrium. Crucially, while these notions may not be identifiable for all nonequilibrium systems, we numerically verify their existence for a variety of systems by introducing the phenomenological Multicomponent Active Model B+. Our work establishes an initial framework for understanding multicomponent coexistence that we hope can serve as the basis for a comprehensive theory for high-dimensional nonequilibrium phase transitions.

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Cited by in corpus (5)

• Theory of Nonequilibrium Coexistence with Coupled Conserved and Nonconserved Order Parameters
• Statistics and morphologies of stable droplets in scalar active fluids
• What is active wetting?
• Active Cahn-Hilliard theory for nonequilibrium phase separation: quantitative macroscopic predictions and a microscopic derivation
• Theory of Nonequilibrium Crystallization and the Phase Diagram of Active Brownian Spheres