Remnant masses from 1D+ core-collapse supernovae simulations: bimodal neutron star mass distribution and black holes in the low-mass gap

Abstract

The explosion of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) is an extremely challenging problem, and there are still large uncertainties regarding which stars lead to successful explosions that leave behind a neutron star, and which ones will form a black hole instead. In this paper, we simulate 341 progenitors at three different metallicities using spherically symmetric simulations that include neutrino-driven convection via a mixing-length theory. We use these simulations to improve previously derived explosion criteria based on the density and entropy profiles of the pre-supernova progenitor. We also provide numerical fits to calculate the final mass of neutron stars based on either compactness, the location of the Si/Si-O interface, or the Chandrasekhar mass. The neutron star birth mass distribution derived from our 1D+ simulations is bimodal, contrary to what the most popular 1D CCSN simulations have shown so far. We compare the theoretically derived neutron star mass distributions with the observed ones and discuss potential implications for population synthesis studies. We also analyze the black hole mass distribution predicted by our simulations. To be consistent with current models of matter ejection in failed SNe, a large fraction of the envelope must be expelled, leading to small black holes in the low-mass gap. One black hole in this mass region has recently been observed in the GW230529 event by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration. Our results naturally agree with this detection, which the most popular prescriptions for explodability and remnant masses are not able to reproduce. In general, we find that the explosion outcome and mass of the remnant strongly depend on the pre-collapse structure of the progenitor. However, their dependence on the initial mass of the star and the mass of the CO core is highly uncertain and non-linear.

20 pages, 12 Figures, accepted to Phys. Rev. D

References in corpus (31)

• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 M${}_{\odot }$ Black Hole with a 2.6 M${}_{\odot }$ Compact Object
• Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: construction, observational verification and new results
• GW170817: Joint Constraint on the Neutron Star Equation of State from Multimessenger Observations
• Delayed neutrino-driven supernova explosions aided by the standing accretion-shock instability
• Three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulated using a 15 $M_{\odot }$ progenitor
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae: From Shock Revival to Shock Breakout
• The Role of Turbulence in Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• The isotropic diffusion source approximation for supernova neutrino transport
• POSYDON: A General-Purpose Population Synthesis Code with Detailed Binary-Evolution Simulations
• Three-dimensional Models of Core-collapse Supernovae From Low-mass Progenitors With Implications for Crab
• Simple recipes for compact remnant masses and natal kicks
• Black hole formation and fallback during the supernova explosion of a $40{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ star
• Towards a Realistic Explosion Landscape for Binary Population Synthesis
• Compact object mergers: exploring uncertainties from stellar and binary evolution with SEVN
• PUSHing core-collapse supernovae to explosions in spherical symmetry IV: Explodability, remnant properties and nucleosynthesis yields of low metallicity stars
• The Effect of Supernova Convection On Neutron Star and Black Hole Masses
• The presupernova core mass-radius relation of massive stars: understanding its formation and evolution
• The Essential Character of the Neutrino Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Three-dimensional simulation of a core-collapse supernova for a binary star progenitor of SN 1987A
• Explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae: role of the Si/O interface
• The physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae: explosion mechanism and explosive nucleosynthesis
• Very Low Energy Supernovae: Light Curves and Spectra of Shock Breakout
• Numerical simulations of the random angular momentum in convection II: delayed explosions of red supergiants following "failed'' supernovae
• Mass ejection in failed supernovae: equation of state and neutrino loss dependence
• Nothing to see here: Failed supernovae are faint or rare
• A Critical Assessment of Turbulence Models for 1D Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations
• Effect of the Nuclear Equation of State on Relativistic-Turbulence Induced Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Hydrodynamic Simulations of Electron-capture Supernovae: Progenitor and Dimension Dependence
• Fallback supernova assembly of heavy binary neutron stars and light black hole-neutron star pairs and the common stellar ancestry of GW190425 and GW200115
• A New Constraint on the Nuclear Equation of State from Statistical Distributions of Compact Remnants of Supernovae

Cited by in corpus (6)

• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Explodability criteria for the neutrino-driven supernova mechanism
• Probe and Prejudice: Classification of compact objects and model comparison using EOS knowledge
• Simulating the shaping of point-symmetric structures in the jittering jets explosion mechanism
• Binary stellar evolution yields in galactic chemical evolution calculations
• Reconstructing the Milky Way chemical map with Galactic Chemical Evolution tool OMEGA+ from SDSS-MWM