${}^{115}$In${}^{+}$-${}^{172}$Yb${}^{+}$ Coulomb crystal clock with $2.5\times 10^{-18}$ systematic uncertainty

Abstract

We present a scalable mixed-species Coulomb crystal clock based on the ${}^1{S}_0$ $\leftrightarrow$ ${}^3{P}_0$ transition in ${}^{115}$In${}^{+}$. ${}^{172}$Yb${}^{+}$ ions are co-trapped and used for sympathetic cooling. Reproducible interrogation conditions for mixed-species Coulomb crystals are ensured by a conditional preparation sequence with permutation control. We demonstrate clock operation with a 1In${}^{+}$-3Yb${}^{+}$ crystal, achieving a relative systematic uncertainty of $2.5\times 10^{-18}$ and a relative frequency instability of $1.6\times 10^{-15}/\sqrt{\tau /1\mathrm{s}}$. We report on absolute frequency measurements with an uncertainty of $1.3\times 10^{-16}$ and optical frequency comparisons with clocks based on ${}^{171}$Yb${}^{+}$ (E3) and ${}^{87}$Sr. With a fractional uncertainty of $4.4\times 10^{-18}$, the former is - to our knowledge - the most accurate frequency ratio value reported to date. For the ${}^{115}$In${}^{+}$/${}^{87}$Sr ratio, we improve upon the best previous measurement by more than an order of magnitude. We also demonstrate operation with four ${}^{115}$In${}^{+}$ clock ions, which reduces the instability to $9.2\times 10^{-16}/\sqrt{\tau /1\mathrm{s}}$.

13 pages, 10 figures

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