Precision Multi-Mode Microwave Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic and Rare-Earth Ion Spin Defects in Single Crystal Calcium Tungstate

Abstract

We present experimental observations of dilute ion spin ensemble defects in a low-loss single crystal cylindrical sample of CaWO${}_4$ cooled to $30$ mK in temperature. Crystal field perturbations were elucidated by constructing a dielectrically loaded microwave cavity resonator from the crystal. The resonator exhibited numerous whispering gallery modes with high $Q$-factors of up to $3\times 10^7$, equivalent to a loss tangent of $\sim 3\times 10^{-8}$. The low loss allowed precision multi-mode spectroscopy of numerous high $Q$-factor photon-spin interactions. Measurements between 7 to 22 GHz revealed the presence of Gd${}^{3+}$, Fe${}^{3+}$, and another trace species, inferred to be rare-earth, at concentrations on the order of parts per billion. These findings motivate further exploration of prospective uses of this low-loss dielectric material for applications regarding precision and quantum metrology, as well as tests for beyond standard model physics.

References in corpus (10)

• Indistinguishable telecom band photons from a single erbium ion in the solid state
• Electron spin ensemble strongly coupled to a three-dimensional microwave cavity
• Coherent spin dynamics in gadolinium-doped CaWO4 crystal
• Influence of Annealing on the Optical and Scintillation Properties of CaWO${}_4$ Single Crystals
• How to cross an energy barrier at zero Kelvin without tunneling effect
• Gravitational Wave Detection and Low-Noise Sapphire Oscillators
• On-Chip Detection of Electronuclear Transitions in the ${}^{155,157}$Gd Multilevel Spin System
• Strong coupling of a Gd${}^{3+}$ multilevel spin system to an on-chip superconducting resonator
• Microwave Cavity Mode Optimisation by Background Anti-Resonance Tuning
• Conductivity Freeze-Out in Isotopically Pure Si-28 at milli-Kelvin Temperatures

Cited by in corpus (2)

• Dielectric Properties of Single Crystal Calcium Tungstate
• Cryogenic Microwave Whispering Gallery Mode Spectroscopy of Paramagnetic Impurities in High-Purity Crystalline LiF