Bidimensional Exploration of the warm-Temperature Ionised gaS (BETIS) I. Showcase sample and first results

Abstract

We present the Bidimensional Exploration of the warm-Temperature Ionised gaS (BETIS) project, designed for the spatial and spectral study of the diffuse ionised gas (DIG) in a selection of nearby spiral galaxies observed with the MUSE integral-field spectrograph. Our primary objective is to investigate the various ionisation mechanisms at play within the DIG. We analysed the distribution of high- and low-ionisation species in the optical spectra of the sample on a spatially resolved basis. We introduced a new methodology for spectroscopically defining the DIG, optimised for galaxies of different resolutions. We also examined the suitability of using Ha equivalent width (EWha) as a proxy for defining the DIG and its associated ionisation regime. The average radial distribution of the main line ratios are enhanced in the DIG. It follows similar trends between the DIG regime and the HII regions, as well as the Ha surface brightness, indicating a correlation between the ionisation of these species in both the DIG and the HII regions. The DIG loci in diagnostic diagrams are found within the line ratios that correspond to photoionisation due to the star formation. There is a noticeable offset correspondent to fast shocks. However, an individual diagnosis performed for each galaxy reveals that all the DIG in these galaxies can be attributed to photoionisation from star formation. The offset is primarily due to the contribution of Seyfert galaxies in our sample, which is closely aligned with models of ionisation from fast shocks and galactic outflows, thus mimicking the DIG emission. Our results indicate that galaxies exhibiting active galactic nucleus activity should be considered separately when conducting a general analysis of the DIG ionisation mechanisms, since this emission is indistinguishable from high-excitation DIG.

arXiv comment21 pages, 15 figures, A&A accepted

References in corpus (70)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Host Galaxies of AGN
• Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• Theoretical Modeling of Starburst Galaxies
• Overview of the SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey: Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory
• Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): Stellar Feedback Explains Cosmologically Inefficient Star Formation
• The Sixteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
• Adaptive spatial binning of integral-field spectroscopic data using Voronoi tessellations
• CALIFA, the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey: I. Survey presentation
• The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) Light Curve Server v1.0
• The MAPPINGS III Library of Fast Radiative Shock Models
• A comprehensive classification of galaxies in the SDSS: How to tell true from fake AGN?
• A Full-Sky H-alpha Template for Microwave Foreground Prediction
• Photoelectric Emission from Interstellar Dust: Grain Charging and Gas Heating
• New light on the search for low metallicity galaxies I. The N2 method
• Revised Catalog of GALEX Ultraviolet Sources. I. The All-sky Survey: GUVcat_AIS
• The warm ionized medium in spiral galaxies
• SDSS IV MaNGA - Spatially resolved diagnostic diagrams: A proof that many galaxies are LIERs
• The Data Processing Pipeline for the MUSE Instrument
• The Vertical Structure of Warm Ionised Gas in the Milky Way
• The role of stellar feedback in the formation of galaxies
• The PHANGS-MUSE survey -- Probing the chemo-dynamical evolution of disc galaxies
• CALIFA, the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey. II. First public data release
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Impact of Diffuse Ionized Gas on Emission-line Ratios, Interpretation of Diagnostic Diagrams, and Gas Metallicity Measurements
• Metallicity gradients in local field star-forming galaxies: Insights on inflows, outflows, and the coevolution of gas, stars and metals
• WHAM Observations of H-Alpha, [S II], and [N II] toward the Orion and Perseus Arms: Probing the Physical Conditions of the Warm Ionized Medium
• The SILCC project: III. Regulation of star formation and outflows by stellar winds and supernovae
• The Survey for Ionization in Neutral-Gas Galaxies: III. Diffuse, Warm Ionized Medium and Escape of Ionizing Radiation
• Insights into the content and spatial distribution of dust from the integrated spectral properties of galaxies
• Diffuse ionized gas in galaxies across the Hubble sequence at the CALIFA resolution
• A tale of two DIGs: The relative role of HII regions and low-mass hot evolved stars in powering the diffuse ionised gas (DIG) in PHANGS-MUSE galaxies
• Characterising the environments of supernovae with MUSE
• HIIphot: Automated Photometry of HII Regions Applied to M51
• Ionization Sources and Physical Conditions in the Diffuse Ionized Gas Halos of Four Edge-On Galaxies
• The AMUSING++ Nearby Galaxy Compilation: I. Full Sample Characterization and Galactic--Scale Outflows Selection
• The Spectacular Ionized Interstellar Medium of NGC55
• Cosmic Ray Heating of the Warm Ionized Medium
• The origin of the ionization of the diffuse interstellar medium in spiral galaxies. II. Modelling the distribution of ionizing radiation in NGC 157
• The Effects of Diffuse Ionized Gas and Spatial Resolution on Metallicity Gradients: TYPHOON Two-Dimensional Spectrophotometry of M83
• Monte Carlo Photoionization Simulations of Diffuse Ionized Gas
• On the Dynamical and Physical State of the `Diffuse Ionized Medium' in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• Filling factors and scale heights of the DIG in the Milky Way
• Spectrophotometry of HII Regions, Diffuse Ionized Gas and Supernova Remnants in M31: The Transition from Photo- to Shock-Ionization
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).IX. The effects of ram pressure stripping down to the scale of individual HII regions in the dwarf galaxy IC 3476
• Diffuse ionized gas and its effects on nebular metallicity estimates of star-forming galaxies
• HII regions in the CALIFA survey: I. Catalog presentation
• Starbursts in Barred Spiral Galaxies. III. Definition of a homogeneous sample of Starburst Nucleus Galaxies
• A diagnostic tool for the identification of Supernova Remnants
• Optical Spectroscopy of Diffuse Ionized Gas in M31
• Emission Line Ratios and Variations in Temperature and Ionization State in the Diffuse Ionized Gas of Five Edge-on Galaxies
• Searching for additional heating - [OII] emission in the diffuse ionized gas of NGC891, NGC4631 and NGC3079
• Can the Lyman Continuum leaked out of H II regions explain Diffuse Ionized Gas?
• Stellar feedback in M83 as observed with MUSE -- II. Analysis of the HII region population: ionisation budget and pre-SN feedback
• SDSS IV MaNGA: Deep observations of extra-planar, diffuse ionized gas around late-type galaxies from stacked IFU spectra
• Simultaneous analysis of SDSS spectra and GALEX photometry with STARLIGHT: Method and early results
• An Investigation of Diffuse Interstellar Gas toward a Large, Low Extinction Window into the Inner Galaxy
• A Uniformly Selected, All-Sky, Optical AGN Catalog
• PHANGS-MUSE: Detection and Bayesian classification of ~40000 ionised nebulae in nearby spiral galaxies
• Detection of [OI] 6300 and Other Diagnostic Emission Lines in the Diffuse Ionized Gas of M33 with Gemini-North
• Photoionized mixing layer models of the diffuse ionized gas
• Mapping Seyfert and LINER Excitation Modes in the Inner kpc of NGC 3393
• Integrated spectra extraction based on signal-to-noise optimization using Integral Field Spectroscopy
• Spatial metallicity distribution statistics at $\lesssim 100$ pc scales in the AMUSING++ nearby galaxy sample
• Stellar feedback in M83 as observed with MUSE -- I. Overview, an unprecedented view of the stellar and gas kinematics and evidence of outflowing gas
• Localized magnetic reconnection as a cause of extraplanar diffuse ionised in the halo
• Less than the sum of its parts: the dust-corrected H$\alpha$ luminosity of star-forming galaxies explored at different spatial resolutions with MaNGA and MUSE
• Physical Conditions in the Dwarf Local Group Irregular Galaxy IC10. I- Diffuse Ionized Gas
• Inner and outer star forming regions over the disks of spiral galaxies. II. A comparative of physical properties and evolutionary stages

Cited by in corpus (3)

• Bidimensional Exploration of the warm-Temperature Ionised gaS (BETIS) II. Revisiting the ionisation mechanism of the extraplanar diffuse ionised gas
• HeII emitters at cosmic noon and beyond. Characterising the HeII λ1640 emission with MUSE and JWST/NIRSpec
• Temperature based radial metallicity gradients in nearby galaxies