The Non-Relativistic Geometric Trinity of Gravity

Abstract

The geometric trinity of gravity comprises three distinct formulations of general relativity: (i) the standard formulation describing gravity in terms of spacetime curvature, (ii) the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity describing gravity in terms of spacetime torsion, and (iii) the symmetric teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (STEGR) describing gravity in terms of spacetime non-metricity. In this article, we complete a geometric trinity of non-relativistic gravity, by (a) taking the non-relativistic limit of STEGR to determine its non-relativistic analogue, and (b) demonstrating that this non-metric theory is equivalent to the Newton--Cartan theory and its teleparallel equivalent, i.e., the curvature and the torsion based non-relativistic theories that are both geometrised versions of classical Newtonian gravity.

Accepted version to appear in General Relativity and Gravitation. Updated with minor changes to the discussion

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Cited by in corpus (4)

• Underdetermination in Classic and Modern Tests of General Relativity
• The classification of general affine connections in Newton--Cartan geometry: Towards metric-affine Newton--Cartan gravity
• Is spacetime curved? Assessing the underdetermination of general relativity and teleparallel gravity
• The Newtonian limit of orthonormal frames in metric theories of gravity