Stringent test of QED with hydrogenlike tin

Abstract

Inner-shell electrons naturally sense the electric field close to the nucleus, which can reach extreme values beyond $10^{15}\text{V}/\text{cm}$ for the innermost electrons. Especially in few-electron highly charged ions, the interaction with the electromagnetic fields can be accurately calculated within quantum electrodynamics (QED), rendering these ions good candidates to test the validity of QED in strong fields. Consequently, their Lamb shifts were intensively studied in the last decades. Another approach is the measurement of $g$ factors in highly charged ions. However, so far, either experimental accuracy or small field strength in low-$Z$ ions limited the stringency of these QED tests. Here, we report on our high-precision, high-field test of QED in hydrogenlike ${}^{118}$Sn${}^{49+}$. The highly charged ions were produced with the Heidelberg-EBIT (electron beam ion trap) and injected into the ALPHATRAP Penning-trap setup, where the bound-electron $g$ factor was measured with a precision of 0.5 parts-per-billion. For comparison, we present state-of-the-art theory calculations, which together test the underlying QED to about $0.012\%$, yielding a stringent test in the strong-field regime. With this measurement, we challenge the best tests via the Lamb shift and, with anticipated advances in the $g$-factor theory, surpass them by more than an order of magnitude.

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• Ultrastable optical, XUV and soft-x-ray clock transitions in open-shell highly charged ions
• Sub-part-per-trillion test of the Standard Model with atomic hydrogen
• Excited-state magnetic properties of carbon-like ${\text{Ca}}^{14+}$
• Quantum Electrodynamics in Strong Electromagnetic Fields: Substate Resolved K$\alpha$ Transition Energies in Helium-like Uranium
• Testing inter-electronic interaction in lithium-like tin
• Improved bound-electron g-factor theory through complete two-loop QED calculations
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• QED effects in quadratic Zeeman splitting in highly charged hydrogen-like ions
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• The QTF-Backbone: Proposal for a Nationwide Optical Fibre Backbone in Germany for Quantum Technology and Time and Frequency Metrology