Cosmological coupling of nonsingular black holes

Abstract

We show that -- in the framework of general relativity (GR) -- if black holes (BHs) are singularity-free objects, they couple to the large-scale cosmological dynamics. We find that the leading contribution to the resulting growth of the BH mass ($M_{\mathrm{BH}}$) as a function of the scale factor $a$ stems from the curvature term, yielding $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\propto a^k$, with $k=1$. We demonstrate that such a linear scaling is universal for spherically-symmetric objects, and it is the only contribution in the case of regular BHs. For nonsingular horizonless compact objects we instead obtain an additional subleading model-dependent term. We conclude that GR nonsingular BHs/horizonless compact objects, although cosmologically coupled, are unlikely to be the source of dark energy. We test our prediction with astrophysical data by analysing the redshift dependence of the mass growth of supermassive BHs in a sample of elliptical galaxies at redshift $z=0.8-0.9$. We also compare our theoretical prediction with higher redshift BH mass measurements obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We find that, while $k=1$ is compatible within $1\sigma$ with JWST results, the data from elliptical galaxies at $z=0.8-0.9$ favour values of $k>1$. New samples of BHs covering larger mass and redshift ranges and more precise BH mass measurements are required to settle the issue.

12 pages, 2 figures, discussions/references added, matches the version published in JCAP

References in corpus (23)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• Construction of Regular Black Holes in General Relativity
• Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs
• Cosmological expansion and local physics
• Observational evidence for cosmological coupling of black holes and its implications for an astrophysical source of dark energy
• A Preferential Growth Channel for Supermassive Black Holes in Elliptical Galaxies at z<2
• Implications of Symmetry and Pressure in Friedmann Cosmology. I. Formalism
• Are nonsingular black holes with super-Planckian hair ruled out by S2 star data?
• Constraints on the Cosmological Coupling of Black Holes from the Globular Cluster NGC 3201
• Constraints on the cosmological coupling of black holes from Gaia
• Black holes as the source of dark energy: a stringent test with high-redshift JWST AGNs
• Quasi-local masses and cosmological coupling of black holes and mimickers
• Can gravitational vacuum condensate stars be a dark energy source?
• Comment on "Observational Evidence for Cosmological Coupling of Black Holes and its Implications for an Astrophysical Source of Dark Energy"
• Constraints on cosmologically coupled black holes from gravitational wave observations and minimal formation mass
• Observational implications of cosmologically coupled black holes
• Can black holes be a source of dark energy?
• Decoupling between gravitationally bounded systems and the cosmic expansion
• Lemaitre model and cosmic mass
• Nonsingular black holes from conformal symmetries
• The classification of interior solutions of anisotropic fluid configurations

Cited by in corpus (19)

• Primordial regular black holes as all the dark matter. II. Non-time-radial-symmetric and loop quantum gravity-inspired metrics
• Primordial regular black holes as all the dark matter. I. Time-radial-symmetric metrics
• DESI Dark Energy Time Evolution is Recovered by Cosmologically Coupled Black Holes
• Black holes as the source of dark energy: a stringent test with high-redshift JWST AGNs
• Quasi-local masses and cosmological coupling of black holes and mimickers
• Implications of cosmologically coupled black holes for pulsar timing arrays
• Black hole event horizons are cosmologically coupled
• Importance of being nonminimally coupled: Scalar Hawking radiation from regular black holes
• Positive neutrino masses with DESI DR2 via matter conversion to dark energy
• Constraints on cosmologically coupled black holes from gravitational wave observations and minimal formation mass
• Observational implications of cosmologically coupled black holes
• Topological regular black holes without Cauchy horizon
• Primordial regular black holes as all the dark matter. III. Covariant canonical quantum gravity models
• Models of cosmological black holes
• Black holes inside cosmic voids
• Regular Black Hole Cores via Gravitational Evanescence of Collapsing Matter
• Cold Collapse and Bounce of an FLRW Cloud
• Cosmological coupled black holes immersed in dark sector
• Primordial black hole driven cosmic acceleration