Observation of self-patterned defect formation in atomic superfluids -- from ring dark solitons to vortex dipole necklaces

Abstract

Unveiling nonequilibrium dynamics of solitonic and topological defect structures in a multidimensional nonlinear medium is a current frontier across diverse fields. One of the quintessential objects is a ring dark soliton (RDS), whose dynamics are expected to display remarkable interplay between symmetry and self-patterned topological defect formation from a transverse (snake) instability, but it has thus far evaded full experimental observations. Here, we report an experimental realization of RDS generation in a two-dimensional atomic superfluid trapped in a circular box. By quenching the confining box potential, we observe an RDS emitted from the edge and its peculiar signature in the radial motion. As an RDS evolves, we observe transverse modulations at discrete azimuthal angles, which clearly result in a patterned formation of a circular vortex dipole array. Through collisions of the vortex dipoles with the box trap, we observe vortex unbinding, vortex pinning to the edge, and emission of rarefaction pulses. Our box-quench protocol opens a new way to study multidimensional dark solitons, structured formation of topological defects, and potentially the dynamics of ordered quantum vortex matter.

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Cited by in corpus (6)

• Collapse of a quantum vortex in an attractive two-dimensional Bose gas
• Generic transverse stability of kink structures in atomic and optical nonlinear media with competing attractive and repulsive interactions
• Dynamical nonlinear excitations induced by interaction quench in a two-dimensional box-trapped Bose-Einstein condensate
• Acoustic horizon as a phase-slip surface
• Observation of self-oscillating supersonic flow across an acoustic horizon in two dimensions
• Finding the stable mechanism of ring solitons in two-dimensional Fermi superfluids