Impact of the wave-like nature of Proca stars on their gravitational-wave emission

Abstract

We present a systematic study of the dynamics and gravitational-wave emission of head-on collisions of spinning vector boson stars, known as Proca stars. To this aim we build a catalogue of about 800 numerical-relativity simulations of such systems. We find that the wave-like nature of bosonic stars has a large impact on the gravitational-wave emission. In particular, we show that the initial relative phase $\Delta \epsilon ={\epsilon }_1-{\epsilon }_2$ of the two complex fields forming the stars (or equivalently, the relative phase at merger) strongly impacts both the emitted gravitational-wave energy and the corresponding mode structure. This leads to a non-monotonic dependence of the emission on the frequency of the secondary star ${\omega }_2$, for fixed frequency ${\omega }_1$ of the primary. This phenomenology, which has not been found for the case of black-hole mergers, reflects the distinct ability of the Proca field to interact with itself in both constructive and destructive manners. We postulate this may serve as a smoking gun to shed light on the possible existence of these objects.

Updated version

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• Nonlinear treatment of a black hole mimicker ringdown
• Exact black holes in string-inspired Euler-Heisenberg theory
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• Exploring the viability of pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson as ultralight dark matter in a mass range relevant for strong gravity applications
• Linear stability of nonrelativistic Proca stars
• Constraint-satisfying binary boson star initial data via XCFC