Simulation view of galaxy clusters with low X-ray surface brightness

Abstract

X-ray selected samples are known to miss galaxy clusters that are gas poor and have a low surface brightness. This is different for the optically selected samples such as the X-ray Unbiased Selected Sample (XUCS). We characterise the origin of galaxy clusters that are gas poor and have a low surface-brightness by studying covariances between various cluster properties at fixed mass using hydrodynamic cosmological simulations. We extracted approx. 1800 galaxy clusters from a high-resolution Magneticum hydrodynamic cosmological simulation and computed covariances at fixed mass of the following properties: core-excised X-ray luminosity, gas fraction, hot gas temperature, formation redshift, concentration, galaxy richness, fossilness parameter, and stellar mass of the bright central galaxy. We also compared the correlation between concentration and gas fractions in non-radiative simulations, and we followed the trajectories of particles inside galaxy clusters to assess the role of AGN depletion on the gas fraction. In simulations and in observational data, differences in surface brightness are related to differences in gas fraction. Simulations show that the gas fraction strongly correlates with assembly time, in the sense that older clusters are gas poor. Clusters that formed earlier have lower gas fractions because the feedback of the active galactic nucleus ejected a significant amount of gas from the halo. When the X-ray luminosity is corrected for the gas fraction, it shows little or no covariance with other quantities. Older galaxy clusters tend to be gas poor and possess a low X-ray surface brightness because the feedback mechanism removes a significant fraction of gas from these objects. Moreover, we found that most of the $L_X$ covariance with the other quantities is explained by differences in the gas fraction.

arXiv comment9 pages, 8 figures, accepted

References in corpus (88)

• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• Modeling feedback from stars and black holes in galaxy mergers
• Collisional Plasma Models with APEC/APED: Emission Line Diagnostics of Hydrogen-like and Helium-like Ions
• Chandra sample of nearby relaxed galaxy clusters: mass, gas fraction, and mass-temperature relation
• Concentrations of Dark Halos from their Assembly Histories
• Cosmological Parameters from Observations of Galaxy Clusters
• Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations
• The universal galaxy cluster pressure profile from a representative sample of nearby systems (REXCESS) and the Y_SZ-M_500 relation
• Resolving Cosmic Structure Formation with the Millennium-II Simulation
• Formation of Galaxy Clusters
• The Connection between Galaxies and their Dark Matter Halos
• Galaxy cluster X-ray luminosity scaling relations from a representative local sample (REXCESS)
• Scaling relations for galaxy clusters in the Millennium-XXL simulation
• What is a Cool-Core Cluster? A Detailed Analysis of the Cores of the X-ray Flux-Limited HIFLUGCS Cluster Sample
• Cosmological simulations of black hole growth: AGN luminosities and downsizing
• The Canadian Cluster Comparison Project: detailed study of systematics and updated weak lensing masses
• The Growth and Structure of Dark Matter Haloes
• Chemical enrichment of galaxy clusters from hydrodynamical simulations
• Infall Regions of Galaxy Clusters
• Evidence for X-ray emission from a large-scale filament of galaxies ?
• The dark nemesis of galaxy formation: why hot haloes trigger black hole growth and bring star formation to an end
• Simulating the effect of AGN feedback on the metal enrichment of galaxy clusters
• Connecting Angular Momentum and Galactic Dynamics: The complex Interplay between Spin, Mass, and Morphology
• The Representative XMM-Newton Cluster Structure Survey (REXCESS) of an X-ray Luminosity Selected Galaxy Cluster Sample
• Halo mass function: Baryon impact, fitting formulae and implications for cluster cosmology
• The Cool-Core Bias in X-ray Galaxy Cluster Samples I: Method And Application To HIFLUGCS
• SZ effects in the Magneticum Pathfinder Simulation: Comparison with the Planck, SPT, and ACT results
• Self-Calibration of Cluster Dark Energy Studies: Observable-Mass Distribution
• A refined sub-grid model for black hole accretion and AGN feedback in large cosmological simulations
• The impact of galaxy formation on the total mass, mass profile and abundance of haloes
• The XMM-LSS survey: the Class 1 cluster sample over the initial 5 square degrees and its cosmological modelling
• Massive Halos in Millennium Gas Simulations: Multivariate Scaling Relations
• The quenching and morphological evolution of central galaxies is facilitated by the feedback-driven expulsion of circumgalactic gas
• Baryon Census in Hydrodynamical Simulations of Galaxy Clusters
• The Canadian Cluster Comparison Project: weak lensing masses and SZ scaling relations
• Linking Macro, Meso, and Micro Scales in Multiphase AGN Feeding and Feedback
• The baryon fraction of LambdaCDM haloes
• The stellar mass fraction and baryon content of galaxy clusters and groups
• The impact of mergers on relaxed X-ray clusters - II. Effects on global X-ray and SZ properties and their scaling relations
• Scaling relations for galaxy clusters: properties and evolution
• Origin and properties of dual and offset active galactic nuclei in a cosmological simulation at z=2
• On the origin of cold dark matter halo density profiles
• The Co-Evolution of Total Density Profiles and Central Dark Matter Fractions in Simulated Early-Type Galaxies
• Constraining the cosmological parameters with the gas mass fraction in local and z>0.7 Galaxy Clusters
• Investigating the velocity structure and X-ray observable properties of simulated galaxy clusters with PHOX
• LoCuSS: Calibrating Mass-Observable Scaling Relations for Cluster Cosmology with Subaru Weak Lensing Observations
• A Simple and Accurate Model for Intra-Cluster Gas
• Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters: X-ray scaling relations and their evolution
• The baryon fraction in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters
• The impact of cluster mergers on arc statistics
• The Dynamical State and Mass-Concentration Relation of Galaxy Clusters
• X-ray mass proxies from hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy clusters (paper I)
• Formation times, mass growth histories and concentrations of dark matter haloes
• Revealing the galaxy-halo connection in IllustrisTNG
• Exploring the Energetics of Intracluster Gas with a Simple and Accurate Model
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: comparing 3D spectroscopic observations with galaxies from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• On the impact of baryons on the halo mass function, bias, and cluster cosmology
• Mass and galaxy distributions of four massive galaxy clusters from Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data
• Concentrations of Dark Haloes Emerge from Their Merger Histories
• Constraints on the CMB Temperature Evolution using Multi-Band Measurements of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich Effect with the South Pole Telescope
• Measuring the Mass Distribution in Galaxy Clusters
• Cosmological Constraints from Gas Mass Fractions of Massive, Relaxed Galaxy Clusters
• Dependency of halo concentration on mass, redshift and fossilness in Magneticum hydrodynamic simulations
• Detection of anti-correlation of hot and cold baryons in galaxy clusters
• Cosmology dependency of halo masses and concentrations in hydrodynamic simulations
• Do X-ray dark or underluminous galaxy clusters exist?
• Stellar Property Statistics of Massive Halos from Cosmological Hydrodynamics Simulations: Common Kernel Shapes
• Hydrostatic and Caustic Mass Profiles of Galaxy Clusters
• Mass calibration of distant SPT galaxy clusters through expanded weak lensing follow-up observations with HST, VLT & Gemini-South
• Properties of fossil groups in cosmological simulations and galaxy formation models
• On the accretion history of galaxy clusters: temporal and spatial distribution
• Variegate galaxy cluster gas content: Mean fraction, scatter, selection effects and covariance with X-ray luminosity
• The Relation Between Halo Shape, Velocity Dispersion and Formation Time
• Weak Lensing Analysis of SPT selected Galaxy Clusters using Dark Energy Survey Science Verification Data
• A New X-ray Selected Sample of Very Extended Galaxy Groups from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey
• Evolution of spherical overdensities in holographic dark energy models
• Cosmology dependence of galaxy cluster scaling relations
• The impact of baryonic physics on the abundance, clustering, and concentration of halos
• Size growth of red-sequence early-type galaxies in clusters in the last 10 Gyr
• Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Cluster Sparsity, Cluster Gas Mass Fraction and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations Data
• Intrinsic scatter of caustic masses and hydrostatic bias: An observational study
• Low X-ray surface brightness clusters: Implications on the scatter of the $M-T$ and $L-T$ relations
• Evolution of the gas mass fraction in galaxy clusters
• Quantifying the impact of baryon-CDM perturbations on halo clustering and baryon fraction

Cited by in corpus (13)

• On the redshift evolution of the baryon and gas fraction in simulated groups and clusters of galaxies
• Detecting Galaxy Groups and AGNs populating the local Universe in the eROSITA era
• The Three Hundred Project: the evolution of physical baryon profiles
• Detecting clusters and groups of galaxies populating the local Universe in large optical spectroscopic surveys
• The hot gas mass fraction in halos. From Milky Way-like groups to massive clusters
• The impact of assembly history on the X-ray detectability of halos. From galaxy groups to galaxy clusters
• The perils of stacking optically selected groups in eROSITA data. The Magneticum perspective
• Radial X-ray profiles of simulated galaxies: Contributions from hot gas and XRBs
• Intra-Cluster Light as a Dynamical Clock for Galaxy Clusters: Insights from the MAGNETICUM, IllustrisTNG, Hydrangea and Horizon-AGN Simulations
• Where do X-ray low surface brightness clusters sit with respect to filaments?
• The uncommon intracluster medium features of the first massive clusters selected independently of their baryon content
• Go with the Flow: The Self-Similar and Non-Linear Behaviour of Large-Scale In- and Outflows and the Impact of Accretion Shocks from Galaxies to Galaxy Clusters
• Predicting Halo Formation Time Using Machine Learning