Redshift Effects in Particle Production from Kerr Primordial Black Holes

Abstract

When rotating primordial black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation, their rotational energy and mass are dissipated with different dynamics. We investigate the effect of these dynamics on the production of dark radiation -- in the form of hot gravitons or vector bosons -- and non-cold dark matter. Although the production of higher-spin particles is enhanced while primordial black holes are rotating, we show that the energy density of dark radiation experiences an extra redshift because their emission effectively halts before PBH evaporation completes. We find that taking this effect into account leads to suppression by a factor of $\mathcal{O}(10)$ of $\Delta N_{\mathrm{eff}}$ for maximally rotating black holes as compared to previous results. Using the solution of the Friedmann and Boltzmann equations to accurately calculate the evolution of linear perturbations, we revisit the warm dark matter constraints for light candidates produced by evaporation and how these limits vary over black hole spins. Due to the interplay of enhanced production and late dilution, we obtain that higher spin particles are most affected by these bounds. Our code FRISBHEE, FRIedmann Solver for Black Hole Evaporation in the Early universe, developed for this work can be found at https://github.com/yfperezg/frisbhee

12 pages, 7 figures. Added clarifying comments, matches published version

References in corpus (11)

• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm
• Relic neutrino decoupling with flavour oscillations revisited
• Interacting Dark Sector and Precision Cosmology
• Constraints from Ly-$\alpha$ forests on non-thermal dark matter including resonantly-produced sterile neutrinos
• Interacting radiation after Planck and its implications for the Hubble Tension
• Dark Matter in the Time of Primordial Black Holes
• Gravitational dark matter production: primordial black holes and UV freeze-in
• Bounds on warm dark matter from Schwarzschild primordial black holes
• Superradiant Production of Heavy Dark Matter from Primordial Black Holes
• Asymmetric Reheating by Primordial Black Holes

Cited by in corpus (23)

• Baryogenesis, Primordial Black Holes and MHz-GHz Gravitational Waves
• Evaporation of Primordial Black Holes in the Early Universe: Mass and Spin Distributions
• The Primordial Black Holes that Disappeared: Connections to Dark Matter and MHz-GHz Gravitational Waves
• Primordial Gravitational Waves From Black Hole Evaporation in Standard and Non-Standard Cosmologies
• Distinct signatures of spinning PBH domination and evaporation: doubly peaked gravitational waves, dark relics and CMB complementarity
• Primordial Black Hole Archaeology with Gravitational Waves from Cosmic Strings
• From WIMPs to FIMPs with Low Reheating Temperatures
• Black Hole Evaporation Beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics
• Pinning down the primordial black hole formation mechanism with gamma-rays and gravitational waves
• ULYSSES, Universal LeptogeneSiS Equation Solver: version 2
• Primordial black hole versus inflaton
• From WIMPs to FIMPs: Impact of Early Matter Domination
• Detecting Axion-Like Particles with Primordial Black Holes
• Superradiant Leptogenesis
• Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter in Low-temperature Reheating Scenarios
• Identifying Spin Properties of Evaporating Black Holes through Asymmetric Neutrino and Photon Emission
• Measuring inflaton couplings via dark radiation as $\Delta N_{\mathrm{eff}}$ in CMB
• Warm Hawking Relics From Primordial Black Hole Domination
• Clustering and Runaway Merging in a Primordial Black Hole Dominated Universe
• Hawking Radiation of Nonrelativistic Scalars: Applications to Pion and Axion Production
• ALP production from light primordial black holes: The role of superradiance
• Revisiting PBH accretion, evaporation and their cosmological consequences
• Neutrino Emission and Plasma Heating from Primordial Black Holes: An Improved Approach to $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$ Constraints