Luminosity function and event rate density of XMM-Newton-selected supernova shock-breakout candidates

Abstract

A dozen X-ray supernova shock breakout (SN SBO) candidates were reported recently based on XMM-Newton archival data, which increased the X-ray selected SN SBO sample by an order of magnitude. Assuming they are genuine SN SBOs, we study the luminosity function (LF) by improving upon the method used in our previous work. The light curves and the spectra of the candidates were used to derive the maximum volume within which these objects could be detected with XMM-Newton by simulation. The results show that the SN SBO LF can be described by either a broken power law (BPL) with indices (at the 68$\%$ confidence level) of $0.48\pm 0.28$ and $2.11\pm 1.27$ before and after the break luminosity at $\log (L_b/\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})=$ $45.32\pm 0.55$ or a single power law (SPL) with index of $0.80\pm 0.16$. The local event rate densities of SN SBOs above $5\times 10^{42}$ $\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ are consistent for two models, i.e., $4.6_{-1.3}^{+1.7}\times 10^4$ and $4.9_{-1.4}^{+1.9}\times 10^4$ $\mathrm{Gp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ for BPL and SPL models, respectively. The number of fast X-ray transients of SN SBO origin can be significantly increased by the wide-field X-ray telescopes such as the Einstein Probe.

13 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (8)

• The death of massive stars - I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type II-P supernovae
• A unified picture for low-luminosity and long gamma-ray bursts based on the extended progenitor of llgrb 060218/SN 2006aj
• Star Formation History up to z = 7.4: Implications for Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Cosmic Metallicity Evolution
• The XMM-Newton EPIC Background and the production of Background Blank Sky Event Files
• Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Distinct GRB Population:A Firmer Case from Multiple Criteria Constraints
• A magnetar-powered X-ray transient as the aftermath of a binary neutron-star merger
• Nonthermal gamma-ray and X-ray flashes from shock breakout in gamma-ray bursts/supernovae
• Blasts from the Past: Supernova Shock Breakouts among X-Ray Transients in the XMM-Newton Archive

Cited by in corpus (1)

• Long-duration Gamma-ray Burst and Associated Kilonova Emission from Fast-spinning Black Hole--Neutron Star Mergers