Survey of multiple populations in globular clusters among very low-mass stars

Abstract

Recent work has shown that NIR Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometry allows us to disentangle multiple populations (MPs) among M dwarfs of globular clusters (GCs) and investigate this phenomenon in very low-mass (VLM) stars. Here, we present the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of nine GCs and the open cluster NGC 6791 in the F110W and F160W bands of HST, showing that the main sequences (MSs) below the knee are either broadened or split thus providing evidence of MPs among VLM stars. In contrast, the MS of NGC 6791 is consistent with a single population. The color distribution of M-dwarfs dramatically changes between different GCs and the color width correlates with the cluster mass. We conclude that the MP ubiquity, variety, and dependence on GC mass are properties common to VLM and more-massive stars. We combined UV, optical, and NIR observations of NGC 2808 and NGC 6121 (M 4) to identify MPs along with a wide range of stellar masses (~ 0.2 - 0.8M ), from the MS turn off to the VLM regime, and measured, for the first time, their mass functions (MFs). We find that the fraction of MPs does not depend on the stellar mass and that their MFs have similar slopes. These findings indicate that the properties of MPs do not depend on stellar mass. In a scenario where the second generations formed in higher-density environments than the first generations, the possibility that the MPs formed with the same initial MF would suggest that it does not depend on the environment.

22 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Integrated Mass Loss of Evolved Stars in M4 using Asteroseismology
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• The Formation of Globular Clusters as a Case of Overcooling