Gravitational Redshift Tests with Atomic Clocks and Atom Interferometers

Abstract

Atomic interference experiments can probe the gravitational redshift via the internal energy splitting of atoms and thus give direct access to test the universality of the coupling between matter-energy and gravity at different spacetime points. By including possible violations of the equivalence principle in a fully quantized treatment of all degrees of freedom, we characterize how the sensitivity to gravitational redshift violations arises in atomic clocks and atom interferometers, as well as their underlying limitations. Specifically, we show that: (i.) Contributions beyond linear order to trapping potentials lead to such a sensitivity of trapped atomic clocks. (ii.) While Bragg-type interferometers, even with a superposition of internal states, with state-independent, linear interaction potentials are at first insensitive to gravitational redshift tests, modified configurations, for example by relaunching the atoms, can mimic such tests tests under certain conditions. (iii.) Guided atom interferometers are comparable to atomic clocks. (iv.) Internal transitions lead to state-dependent interaction potentials through which light-pulse atom interferometers can become sensitive to gravitational redshift violations.

arXiv comment21 pages, 3 figures

References in corpus (62)

• The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
• The String Dilaton and a Least Coupling Principle
• Matter-wave interferometry in a double well on an atom chip
• Systematic evaluation of an atomic clock at 2e-18 total uncertainty
• An ${}^{27}$Al${}^{+}$ quantum-logic clock with systematic uncertainty below $10^{-18}$
• Optical clock intercomparison with $6\times 10^{-19}$ precision in one hour
• Quantum Test of the Universality of Free Fall
• Atom-interferometric test of the equivalence principle at the $10^{-12}$ level
• Equivalence Principle Violations and Couplings of a Light Dilaton
• Integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer for Bose-Einstein condensates
• Quantum interferometric visibility as a witness of general relativistic proper time
• Quantum test of the equivalence principle for atoms in superpositions of internal energy eigenstates
• A gravitational redshift test using eccentric Galileo satellites
• General Relativistic Effects in Atom Interferometry
• Test of the Gravitational Redshift with Galileo Satellites in an Eccentric Orbit
• Theoretical Aspects of the Equivalence Principle
• Probing gravity by holding atoms for 20 seconds
• Equivalence Principle and Gravitational Redshift
• Enhancing the area of a Raman atom interferometer using a versatile double-diffraction technique
• Potential NRQED: The Positronium Case
• Testing the equivalence principle: why and how?
• Nonequivalence of equivalence principles
• Twin-lattice atom interferometry
• An atomic array optical clock with single-atom readout
• Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency ?
• Interferometer-Type Structures for Guided Atoms
• Matter-wave interferometers using TAAP rings
• Gravitational redshift in quantum-clock interferometry
• T^3-Stern-Gerlach Matter-Wave Interferometer
• Overcoming loss of contrast in atom interferometry due to gravity gradients
• Atom gravimeters and gravitational redshift
• Tests of local position invariance using continuously running atomic clocks
• Test of the gravitational redshift with stable clocks in eccentric orbits: application to Galileo satellites 5 and 6
• Integrated coherent matter wave circuits
• Representation-free description of light-pulse atom interferometry including non-inertial effects
• Post-Newtonian Hamiltonian description of an atom in a weak gravitational field
• A trapped atom interferometer with ultracold Sr atoms
• Interference of Clocks: A Quantum Twin Paradox
• Equivalence Principle for Quantum Systems: Dephasing and Phase Shift of Free-Falling Particles
• Symmetric Bloch oscillations of matter waves
• Regimes of atomic diffraction: Raman versus Bragg diffraction in retroreflective geometries
• Analysis of Sun/Moon Gravitational Redshift tests with the STE-QUEST Space Mission
• Mass-energy and anomalous friction in quantum optics
• Gravitational redshift test with the future ACES mission
• Reply to: Atom gravimeters and the gravitational redshift
• Measuring gravitational time dilation with delocalized quantum superpositions
• Atom Interferometers and the Gravitational Redshift
• Atom-interferometric test of the universality of gravitational redshift and free fall
• An Introduction to NRQED
• Perturbative operator approach to high-precision light-pulse atom interferometry
• Hydrogen Atom in Relativistic Motion
• Classical and Nonclassical Time Dilation for Quantum Clocks
• Bootstrapping Time Dilation Decoherence
• Reply to the comment on: "Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency?"
• Comment on: "Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency?"
• Compact gravimeter with an ensemble of ultracold atoms in spin-dependent optical lattices
• Proper time in atom interferometers: Diffractive versus specular mirrors
• Dilaton Gravity with a Non-minmally Coupled Scalar Field
• Universality in the Gravitational Stretching of Clocks, Waves and Quantum States
• Testing the Universality of Free Fall at $10^{-10}$ level by Comparing the Atoms in Different Hyperfine States with Bragg Diffraction
• Analysis of atom-interferometer clocks
• Does time always slow down as gravity increases?

Cited by in corpus (27)

• Universality-of-clock-rates test using atom interferometry with $T^3$ scaling
• Light propagation and atom interferometry in gravity and dilaton fields
• Closed-Loop Dual-Atom-Interferometer Inertial Sensor with Continuous Cold Atomic Beams
• Atomic diffraction from single-photon transitions in gravity and Standard-Model extensions
• Gravitational redshift induces quantum interference
• Exploring the dynamical interplay between mass-energy equivalence, interactions and entanglement in an optical lattice clock
• Clock Transitions Versus Bragg Diffraction in Atom-interferometric Dark-matter Detection
• Atom interferometers in weakly curved spacetimes using Bragg diffraction and Bloch oscillations
• Quantum generalisation of Einstein's Equivalence Principle can be verified with entangled clocks as quantum reference frames
• Quantized mass-energy effects in an Unruh-DeWitt detector
• Introduction to gravitational redshift of quantum photons propagating in curved spacetime
• Quantum field theory for multipolar composite bosons with mass defect and relativistic corrections
• Atomic clock interferometry using optical tweezers
• Gravitational time dilation as a resource in quantum sensing
• Finite Pulse-Time Effects in Long-Baseline Quantum Clock Interferometry
• A high-flux cold-atom source utilising a grating atom chip
• Witnessing mass-energy equivalence with trapped atom interferometers
• Geometric phase amplification in a clock interferometer for enhanced metrology
• Unified laboratory-frame analysis of atomic gravitational-wave sensors
• Josephson's effect in the Schwarzschild background
• Light-pulse atom interferometry with entangled atom-optical elements
• Magic wavelength at 477 nm for the strontium clock transition
• General Relativistic Center-of-Mass Coordinates for Composite Quantum Particles
• Local Measurement Scheme of Gravitational Curvature using Atom Interferometers
• Interferometry of Atomic Matter Waves in the Cold Atom Lab onboard the International Space Station
• Sequantial large momentum transfer exploiting rectangular Raman pulses
• Geometric phase in anisotropic Kepler problem: Perspective for realization in Rydberg atoms