The Higgs boson -- its implications and prospects for future discoveries

Abstract

The Higgs boson, a fundamental scalar, was discovered at CERN in 2012 with mass 125 GeV, a mass that turned out to be a remarkable choice of Nature. In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs boson is closely linked to the mechanism that gives mass to the W and Z gauge bosons that mediate the weak interactions and to the charged fermions. Following discovery of the Higgs boson, present measurements at the Large Hadron Collider are focused on testing the Higgs boson's couplings to other elementary particles, precision measurements of the Higgs boson's properties and initial investigation of the Higgs boson's self-interaction and shape of the Higgs potential. With the Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV the vacuum sits very close to the border of stable and metastable, which may be a hint to deeper physics beyond the Standard Model. The Higgs potential also plays an important role in ideas about the cosmological constant or dark energy that drives the accelerating expansion of the Universe, the mysterious dark matter that comprises about 80% of the matter component in the Universe, as well as a possible phase transition in the early Universe that might be responsible for baryogenesis. Detailed study of the Higgs boson is at the centre of the recent European Strategy for Particle Physics update. Here we review the present status of this physics and discuss the new insights expected from present and future experiments.

Preprint of article submitted to Nature Reviews Physics, 25 pages, 8 figures

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• Measuring the electron Yukawa coupling via resonant s-channel Higgs production at FCC-ee
• Emergent gauge symmetries -- making symmetry as well as breaking it
• Searches for axion-like particles via $\gamma \gamma$ fusion at future ${\mathrm{e}}^{+}{\mathrm{e}}^{-}$ colliders
• Invisible Higgs decay from dark matter freeze-in at stronger coupling
• Constrained Neutrino Mass Matrix and Majorana Phases
• The cosmological constant and scale hierarchies with emergent gauge symmetries
• Holographic Boundary Conformal Field Theory within Horndeski Gravity
• Decay of the Higgs boson to longitudinally polarized leptons and quarks