Alternative possibility of GW190521: Gravitational waves from high-mass black hole-disk systems

Abstract

We evolve high-mass disks of mass $15$-$50M_{\odot }$ orbiting a $50M_{\odot }$ spinning black hole in the framework of numerical relativity. Such high-mass systems could be an outcome during the collapse of rapidly-rotating very-massive stars. The massive disks are dynamically unstable to the so-called one-armed spiral-shape deformation with the maximum fractional density-perturbation of $\delta \rho /\rho \gtrsim 0.1$, and hence, high-amplitude gravitational waves are emitted. The waveforms are characterized by an initial high-amplitude burst with the frequency of $\sim 40$-$50$ Hz and the maximum amplitude of $(1$-$10)\times 10^{-22}$ at the hypothetical distance of 100 Mpc and by a subsequent low-amplitude quasi-periodic oscillation. We illustrate that the waveforms in our models with a wide range of the disk mass resemble that of GW190521. We also point out that gravitational waves from rapidly-rotating very-massive stars can be the source for 3rd-generation gravitational-wave detectors for exploring the formation process of rapidly-spinning high-mass black holes of mass $\sim 50$-$100M_{\odot }$ in an early universe.

arXiv comment16 pages, 9 figures. Published in PRD

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