Thermodynamic approach to electric quadrupole moments
arXiv:2010.13999 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.102.235149
Abstract
Higher-rank electric/magnetic multipole moments are attracting attention these days as candidate order parameters for exotic material phases. However, quantum-mechanical formulation of those multipole moments is still an ongoing issue. In this paper, we propose a thermodynamic definition of electric quadrupole moments as a measure of symmetry breaking, following previous studies of orbital magnetic dipole moments and magnetic quadrupole moments. The obtained formulas are illustrated with a model of orbital-ordered nematic phases of iron-based superconductors.
7+8 pages, 4 figures
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