Fast Radio Burst Breakouts from Magnetar Burst Fireballs

Abstract

The recent discovery of a Mega-Jansky radio burst occurring simultaneously with short X-ray bursts from the Galactic magnetar (strongly magnetized neutron star (NS)) SGR 1935+2154 is a smoking gun for the hypothesis that some cosmological fast radio bursts (FRBs) arise from magnetar bursts. We argue that the X-ray bursts with high temperature $T\gtrsim 30$ keV entail an electron--positron ($e^{\pm }$) outflow from a trapped--expanding fireball, polluting the NS magnetosphere before the FRB emission. The $e^{\pm }$ outflow is opaque to FRB photons, and is strongly Compton-dragged by the X-ray bursts. Nevertheless, the FRB photons can break out of the $e^{\pm }$ outflow with radiation forces if the FRB emission radius is larger than a few tens of NS radii. A FRB is choked if the FRB is weaker or the X-ray bursts are stronger, possibly explaining why there are no FRBs with giant flares and no detectable X-ray bursts with weak FRBs. We also speculate that the $e^{\pm }$ outflow may be inevitable for FRBs, solving the problem of why the FRBs occur only with high-$T$ X-ray bursts. The breakout physics is important for constraining the emission mechanism and electromagnetic counterparts to future FRBs.

arXiv comment9 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

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