Estimating a fluctuating magnetic field with a continuously monitored atomic ensemble

Abstract

We study the problem of estimating a time dependent magnetic field by continuous optical probing of an atomic ensemble. The magnetic field is assumed to follow a stochastic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and it induces Larmor precession of the atomic ground state spin, which is read out by the Faraday polarization rotation of a laser field probe. The interactions and the measurement scheme are compatible with a hybrid quantum-classical Gaussian description of the unknown magnetic field, and the atomic and field variables. This casts the joint conditional quantum dynamics and classical parameter estimation problem in the form of update formulas for the first and second moments of the classical and quantum degrees of freedom. Our hybrid quantum-classical theory is equivalent with the classical theory of Kalman filtering and with the quantum theory of Gaussian states. By reference to the classical theory of smoothing and with the quantum theory of past quantum states, we show how optical probing after time $t$ improves our estimate of the value of the magnetic field at time $t$, and we present numerical simulations that analyze and explain the improvement over the conventional filtering approach.

arXiv comment8 pages, 4 figures

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• Continuous field tracking with machine learning and steady state spin squeezing
• Experimental quantum-enhanced response function estimation
• Quantum state smoothing cannot be assumed classical even when the filtering and retrofiltering are classical
• Gaussian theory for estimating fluctuating perturbations with back action evasive oscillator variables
• Photon-resolved Floquet theory approach to spectroscopic quantum sensing
• Real-Time Magnetometry Using Dark States of a Nitrogen Vacancy Center
• Nuclear spin squeezing by continuous quantum non-demolition measurement: a theoretical study