Extracting photoelectron spectra from the time-dependent wave function: Comparison of the projection onto continuum states and window-operator methods

Abstract

Over the last three decades numerous numerical methods for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation within the single-active electron approximation have been developed for studying ionization of atomic targets exposed to an intense laser field. In addition, various numerical techniques for extracting the photoelectron spectra from the time-dependent wave function have emerged. In this paper we compare photoelectron spectra obtained by either projecting the time-dependent wave function at the end of the laser pulse onto the continuum state having proper incoming boundary condition or by using the window-operator method. Our results for three different atomic targets show that the boundary condition imposed onto the continuum states plays a crucial role for obtaining correct spectra accurate enough to resolve fine details of the interference structures of the photoelectron angular distribution.

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• Semiclassical two-step model for ionization by a strong laser pulse: Further developments and applications
• Quantum interference and imaging using intense laser fields
• On the selective multiphoton ionization of sodium by femtosecond laser pulses: A partial-wave analysis
• Numerical time-of-flight analysis of the strong-field photoeffect
• Wave-Packet Surface Propagation for Light-Induced Molecular Dissociation