Global Stellar Budget for LIGO Black Holes
arXiv:1910.09580 · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab6854
Abstract
The binary black hole mergers observed by LIGO-Virgo gravitational-wave detectors pose two major challenges: (i) how to produce these massive black holes from stellar processes; and (ii) how to bring them close enough to merge within the age of the universe? We derive a fundamental constraint relating the binary separation and the available stellar budget in the universe to produce the observed black hole mergers. We find that of the entire budget contributes to the observed merger rate of black holes, if the separation is around the diameter of their progenitor stars. Furthermore, the upgraded LIGO detector and third-generation gravitational-wave detectors are not expected to find stellar-mass black hole mergers at high redshifts. From LIGO's strong constraints on the mergers of black holes in the pair-instability mass-gap (), we find that of all massive stars contribute to a remnant black hole population in this gap. Our derived separationbudget constraint provides a robust framework for testing the formation scenarios of stellar binary black holes.
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