Generalization of the Haldane conjecture to SU($n$) chains

Abstract

Recently, SU(3) chains in the symmetric and self-conjugate representations have been studied using field theory techniques. For certain representations, namely rank-$p$ symmetric ones with $p$ not a multiple of 3, it was argued that the ground state exhibits gapless excitations. For the remaining representations considered, a finite energy gap exists above the ground state. In this paper, we extend these results to SU($n$) chains in the symmetric representation. For a rank-$p$ symmetric representation with $n$ and $p$ coprime, we predict gapless excitations above the ground state. If $p$ is a multiple of $n$, we predict a unique ground state with a finite energy gap. Finally, if $p$ and $n$ have a greatest common divisor $1<q<n$, we predict a ground state degeneracy of $n/q$, with a finite energy gap. To arrive at these results, we derive a non-Lorentz invariant flag manifold sigma model description of the SU($n$) chains, and use the renormalization group to show that Lorentz invariance is restored at low energies. We then make use of recently developed anomaly matching conditions for these Lorentz-invariant models. We also review the Lieb-Shultz-Mattis-Affleck theorem, and extend it to SU($n$) models with longer range interactions.

arXiv comment19 pages + 16 pages of appendices

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• Haldane Gap of the Three-Box Symmetric $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ Chain
• Mass generation by fractional instantons in SU($n$) chains
• Ferromagnetism in the SU(N) Kondo lattice model -- SU(N) double exchange and supersymmetry
• Symmetry-protected topological phases in the SU(N) Heisenberg spin chain: a Majorana-fermion approach
• Flag manifold sigma models from SU($n$) chains
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• Density Matrix Renormalization Group simulations of the SU(N) Fermi-Hubbard chain implementing the full SU(N) symmetry via Semi-Standard Young Tableaux and Unitary Group Subduction Coefficients
• Bosonic realization of SU(3) chiral Haldane phases
• Edge states and universality class of the critical two-box symmetric SU(3) chain
• Generalization of the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki Model for Quantum Ferromagnetism