Enhanced mass-loss rate evolution of stars with $\gtrsim 18M_{\odot }$ and missing optically-observed type II core-collapse supernovae

Abstract

We evolve stellar models with zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) mass of $M_{\mathrm{ZAMS}}\gtrsim 18M_{\odot }$ under the assumption that they experience an enhanced mass-loss rate when crossing the instability strip at high luminosities and conclude that most of them end as type Ibc supernovae (SNe Ibc) or dust-obscured SNe II. We explore what level of enhanced mass-loss rate during the instability strip would be necessary to explain the `red supergiant (RSG) problem'. This problem refers to the dearth of observed core-collapse supernovae progenitors with $M_{\mathrm{ZAMS}}\gtrsim 18M_{\odot }$. Namely, we examine what enhanced mass loss rate could make it possible for all these stars actually to explode as CCSNe. We find that the mass-loss rate should increase by a factor of at least about ten. We reach this conclusion by analyzing the hydrogen mass in the stellar envelope and the optical depth of the dusty wind at the explosion, and crudely estimate that under our assumptions only about a fifth of these stars explode as unobscured SNe II and SNe IIb. About 10-15 per cent end as obscured SNe II that are infrared-bright but visibly very faint, and the rest, about 65-70 per cent, end as SNe Ibc. However, the statistical uncertainties are still too significant to decide whether many stars with $M_{\mathrm{ZAMS}}\gtrsim 18M_{\odot }$ do not explode as expected in the neutrino driven explosion mechanism, or whether all of them explode as CCSNe, as expected by the jittering jets explosion mechanism.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (68)

• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions
• Mass-loss predictions for O and B stars as a function of metallicity
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• Rotating Massive Main-Sequence Stars I: Grids of Evolutionary Models and Isochrones
• The death of massive stars - I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type II-P supernovae
• Observational constraints on the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae : the case for missing high mass stars
• Mass Limits For Black Hole Formation
• Stellar evolution with rotation VII: Low metallicity models and the blue to red supergiant ratio in the SMC
• A two-parameter criterion for classifying the explodability of massive stars by the neutrino-driven mechanism
• Grids of stellar models with rotation - III. Models from 0.8 to 120 Msun at a metallicity Z = 0.002
• The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star
• Supernova Simulations from a 3D Progenitor Model -- Impact of Perturbations and Evolution of Explosion Properties
• Evolution of massive stars with pulsation-driven superwinds during the RSG phase
• Pulsar spins from an instability in the accretion shock of supernovae
• Very Low Energy Supernovae from Neutrino Mass Loss
• The evolution of runaway stellar collision products
• Non-Radial Instabilities and Progenitor Asphericities in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The Role of Turbulence in Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernovae from Low-Mass Single and Binary Star Progenitors
• Revival of The Stalled Core-Collapse Supernova Shock Triggered by Precollapse Asphericity in the Progenitor Star
• The Explosion of Helium Stars Evolved With Mass Loss
• A new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants
• The Search for Failed Supernovae with The Large Binocular Telescope: First Candidates
• Type Ib and IIb supernova progenitors in interacting binary systems
• The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity
• Yellow supergiants as supernova progenitors: an indication of strong mass loss for red supergiants?
• The impact of mass-loss on the evolution and pre-supernova properties of red supergiants
• A Massive Progenitor of the Luminous Type IIn Supernova 2010jl
• The jet feedback mechanism (jfm) in stars, galaxies and clusters
• Circumstellar dust as a solution to the red supergiant supernova progenitor problem
• On Variations Of Pre-Supernova Model Properties
• Gravitational Wave Signatures from Low-mode Spiral Instabilities in Rapidly Rotating Supernova Cores
• Why binary interaction does not necessarily dominate the formation of Wolf-Rayet stars at low metallicity
• On Absorption by Circumstellar Dust, With the Progenitor of SN2012aw as a Case Study
• Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries
• Black Hole Accretion Discs and Luminous Transients in Failed Supernovae from Non-Rotating Supergiants
• The red supergiant and supernova rate problems: implications for core-collapse supernova physics
• Late-Time Circumstellar Interaction in a Spitzer Selected Sample of Type IIn Supernovae
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of SASI- and Convection-Dominated Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Explaining the most energetic supernovae with an inefficient jet-feedback mechanism
• Missing Red Supergiants and Carbon Burning
• Triggering jet-driven explosions of core-collapse supernovae by accretion from convective regions
• SN 2017ein and the Possible First Identification of a Type Ic Supernova Progenitor
• The SPIRITS sample of Luminous Infrared Transients: Uncovering Hidden Supernovae and Dusty Stellar Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies
• Progenitors of Type IIb Supernovae: I. Evolutionary Pathways and Rates
• The Supernova Progenitor Mass Distributions of M31 and M33: Further Evidence for an Upper Mass Limit
• Constraints for the Progenitor Masses of 17 Historic Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud as testbed for massive star evolution
• Are pulsars spun up or down by SASI spiral modes?
• Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. III. The Yellow and Red Supergiants and Post-Red Supergiant Evolution
• A call for a paradigm shift from neutrino-driven to jet-driven core-collapse supernova mechanisms
• Applying the Jet Feedback Mechanism to Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Implications of turbulence for jets in core-collapse supernova explosions
• What Powers the 3000-Day Light Curve of SN 2006gy?
• Critical Surface for Explosions of Rotational Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Reviving the stalled shock by jittering jets in core collapse supernovae: jets from the standing accretion shock instability
• The progenitors of core-collapse supernovae suggest thermonuclear origin for the explosions
• Type II intermediate-luminosity optical transients (ILOTs)
• SPIRITS 15c and SPIRITS 14buu: Two Obscured Supernovae in the Nearby Star-Forming Galaxy IC 2163
• Reviving the stalled shock by jittering jets in core collapse supernovae: The key role of magnetic fields
• Type IIb supernovae by the grazing envelope evolution
• Possible indications for jittering jets in core collapse supernova explosion simulations
• Modeling Gas Evacuation Mechanisms in Present-Day Globular Clusters: Stellar Winds from Evolved Stars and Pulsar Heating
• The Carnegie Supernova Project II. Early observations and progenitor constraints of the Type Ib supernova LSQ13abf

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Luminous Type II Short-Plateau Supernovae 2006Y, 2006ai, and 2016egz: A Transitional Class from Stripped Massive Red Supergiants
• The landscape of binary core-collapse supernova progenitors and the late emergence of Wolf-Rayet winds
• Jet-shaped geometrically modified light curves of core collapse supernovae
• Simulating the inflation of bubbles by late jets in core collapse supernova ejecta
• Low energy core collapse supernovae in the frame of the jittering jets explosion mechanism