Nonlinear Properties of Supercurrent-Carrying Single and Multi-Layer Thin-Film Superconductors
arXiv:1907.08071 · doi:10.1007/s10909-019-02306-3
Abstract
Superconducting thin-films are central to the operation of many kinds of quantum sensors and quantum computing devices: Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs), Travelling-Wave Parametric Amplifiers (TWPAs), Qubits, and Spin-based Quantum Memory elements. In all cases, the nonlinearity resulting from the supercurrent is a critical aspect of behaviour, either because it is central to the operation of the device (TWPA), or because it results in non-ideal second-order effects (KID). Here we present an analysis of supercurrent carrying superconducting thin-films that is based on the generalized Usadel equations. Our analysis framework is suitable for both homogeneous and multilayer thin-films, and can be used to calculate the resulting density of states, superconducting transition temperature, superconducting critical current, complex conductivities, complex surface impedances, transmission line propagation constants, and nonlinear kinetic inductances in the presence of supercurrent. Our analysis gives the scale of kinetic inductance nonlinearity (I*) for a given material combination and geometry, and is important in optimizing the design of detectors and amplifiers in terms of materials, geometries, and dimensions. To investigate the validity of our analysis across a wide range of supercurrent, we have measured the transition temperatures of superconducting thin-films as a function of DC supercurrent. These measurements show good agreement with our theoretical predictions in the experimentally relevant range of current values.
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- Nonlinear mechanisms in Al and Ti superconducting travelling-wave parametric amplifiers
- Suppressed-gap millimetre wave kinetic inductance detectors using DC-bias current
- Millimetre Wave Kinetic Inductance Parametric Amplification using Ridge Gap Waveguide
- On-Chip Resonator for Nonlinear Kinetic Inductance Characterisation and Future Spectrometry Applications