An order-disorder phase transition in black-hole star clusters

Abstract

The centers of most galaxies contain massive black holes surrounded by dense star clusters. The structure of these clusters determines the rate and properties of observable transient events, such as flares from tidally disrupted stars and gravitational-wave signals from stars spiraling into the black hole. Most estimates of these rates enforce spherical symmetry on the cluster. Here we show that, in the course of generic evolutionary processes, a star cluster surrounding a black hole can undergo a robust phase transition from a spherical thermal equilibrium to a lopsided equilibrium, in which most stars are on high-eccentricity orbits with aligned orientations. The rate of transient events is expected to be much higher in the ordered phase. Better models of cluster formation and evolution are needed to determine whether clusters should be found in the ordered or disordered phase.

arXiv comment5 pages, 2 figures

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• The Thermodynamics of Rotating Black-Hole Star Clusters
• Orbital alignment and mass segregation in galactic nuclei via vector resonant relaxation
• Order-disorder phase transition in black-hole star clusters -- III. A mono-energetic cluster
• Order-disorder phase transition in black-hole star clusters. II. A scale-free cluster
• Statistical Mechanics of Gravitational Systems with Regular Orbits: Rigid Body Model of Vector Resonant Relaxation
• Black Hole Discs and Spheres in Galactic Nuclei -- Exploring the Landscape of Vector Resonant Relaxation Equilibria
• Apsidal Clustering following the Inclination Instability
• On the Missing Red Giants near the Galactic Center