Probing the effect of cadence on the estimates of photospheric energy and helicity injections in eruptive active region NOAA AR 11158

Abstract

In this work we study how the input data cadence affects the photospheric energy and helicity injection estimates in eruptive NOAA active region 11158. We sample the novel 2.25-minute vector magnetogram and Dopplergram data from the \emph{Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager} (HMI) instrument onboard the \emph{Solar Dynamics Observatory} (SDO) spacecraft to create input datasets of variable cadences ranging from 2.25 minutes to 24 hours. We employ state-of-the-art data processing, velocity and electric field inversion methods for deriving estimates of the energy and helicity injections from these datasets. We find that the electric field inversion methods that reproduce the observed magnetic field evolution through the use of Faraday's law are more stable against variable cadence: the PDFI (PTD-Doppler-FLCT-Ideal) electric field inversion method produces consistent injection estimates for cadences from 2.25 minutes up to 2 hours, implying that the photospheric processes acting on time scales below 2 hours contribute little to the injections, or that they are below the sensitivity of the input data and the PDFI method. On other hand, the electric field estimate derived from the output of DAVE4VM (Differential Affine Velocity Estimator for Vector Magnetograms), which does not fulfil Faraday's law exactly, produces significant variations in the energy and helicity injection estimates in the 2.25-minute to 2-hour cadence range. We present also a third, novel DAVE4VM-based electric field estimate, which corrects the poor inductivity of the raw DAVE4VM estimate. This method is less sensitive to the changes of cadence, but still faces significant issues for the lowest of considered cadences ($\ge$2 hours). We find several potential problems in both PDFI- and DAVE4VM-based injection estimates and conclude that the quality of both should be surveyed further in controlled environments.

References in corpus (8)

• The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Vector Magnetic Field Pipeline: SHARPs -- Space-weather HMI Active Region Patches
• The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Vector Magnetic Field Pipeline: Overview and Performance
• Tracking Vector Magnetograms with the Magnetic Induction Equation
• Solar Magnetic Tracking. I. Software Comparison and Recommended Practices
• A Comprehensive Method of Estimating Electric Fields from Vector Magnetic Field and Doppler Measurements
• The Coronal Global Evolutionary Model: Using HMI Vector Magnetogram and Doppler Data to Model the Buildup of Free Magnetic Energy in the Solar Corona
• The PDFI_SS Electric Field Inversion Software
• Optimization of Photospheric Electric Field Estimates for Accurate Retrieval of Total Magnetic Energy Injection

Cited by in corpus (7)

• The PDFI_SS Electric Field Inversion Software
• The Coronal Global Evolutionary Model: Using HMI Vector Magnetogram and Doppler Data to Determine Coronal Magnetic Field Evolution
• MHD simulation of Solar Eruption from Active Region 11429 Driven by Photospheric Velocity Field
• Spectropolarimetric Inversion in Four Dimensions with Deep Learning (SPIn4D): I. Overview, Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling, and Stokes Profile Synthesis
• Validation of the PDFI_SS method for electric field inversions using a magnetic flux emergence simulation
• Active Region Irradiance During Quiescent Periods: New Insights from Sun-as-a-star Spectra
• Multi-height probing of horizontal flows in the solar photosphere